CH 5: Topographical data collec
tion
Integration of survey and design
Road survey
Survey design
and design
Topographical data collection Topographical data
application
GPS ， Aerophotogramm CAD
etry
， RS……
Integrati
on
Data collection method
Total station
GIS
Remote sensing
Aerophotogrammetry
LiDAR
Field data collection by total stati
on
Outline
Data coding
Method of detail point measure
Measure and record method of field dat
a collection
PDA method of field data collection
Data coding
Position of topographic feature point
Field data collection Connection of ground feature
Coding of ground feature
Digital mapping operations
Attributes of ground feature
In-door data manipulation
Concept of data coding
Field data collection with only points posit
ion (coordinates) of total station or other
geodetic instrument can not meet the require
ments of computer automatic mapping
Must record the connection relation of objec
t point and ground feature attribute informa
tion (feature class, etc.)
Principal and method of detail point measu
re
Coordination data
Height of total station (I)
Station orientation
Height of prism (V)
Measure (S B T)
To calculate coordinate and height
(x, y, z)
Measure and record method of field data c
ollection
It is to draw the working sketch and record
the name of the terrain element and the conn
ection of the broken part in the working dra
ft.
Then the broken part is displayed on the co
mputer screen in the room, according to the
working sketch, the broken part is connected
with the human computer interaction mode to
generate graphics.
Measure and record method
Sec 2: GPS measurement
GPS(Global Positioning System), revolutionary
impact in surveying industry
Unconstrained by the weather
Not requirement of visibility
High precise of measurement
Satisfy the measure requirement of fourth-order leveli
ng
Day and night operation
Unified coordination system
Cheap
etc
GPS consist of
Space
Space
24
24 Satellite
Satellite
25
25 20200
20200KmKm
Control
Control
Receptor
Receptor 11 main
maincontrol
control
receive
receivesignal
signal 55 sub controls
sub controls `
Principal of measurement
lX
l
X
lll
ll
Xll
Xl
lV
V
Vl
V lll
ll
V
Distance = time x speed of light
Principal of point identification
R1
We stand on one point of sphere with a diameter of R1
Principal of point identification
R1
R2
2 spheres intersect to form a curve, of
which the the arc is restricted to.
Principal of point identification
R1
R3
R2
3 spheres intersect at one point
3 distances can determine latitude, longitude, and
elevation
The space position of the point is determined
GPS
1. NAVSTAR/GPS
Navigation Satellite Timing And Ranging/Global Positioning
System
2. GLONASS
前苏联，卫星颗数为 24+1 ， 1996 年 1 月 18 日正常运行
3. 北斗卫星导航系统 (BeiDou Navigation Satellite System ）
中国， 2012 年 12 月
4. 伽利略定位系统（ Galileo Positioning System ）
欧洲，预计 2020 年建成服务
JSCORS
江苏省全球导航卫星连续运行参考站综合服务系统
Integrated service system of Jiangsu global navig
ation satellite continuous operation reference s
tation
Remote sensing
Remote Sensing is a technology for sampling
electromagnetic radiation to acquire and int
erpret non-immediate geospatial data from wh
ich to extract information about features, o
bjects, and classes on the Earth's land surf
ace, oceans, and atmosphere.
Remotely Sensed Data
Aerial Camera Multispectral Satellite Radar Satellite Hyperspectral Sensor
Landsat/Ikonos/Quickbard Hyperion
20
Application of RS in road engineerin
g
Evaluation of layout of critical projects
Identification of adverse geology area
Stability analysis of long tunnel and bridge
s
Detect underlying structure in plain area
Aerophotogrammetry
continuously taking photograph of objects on
the ground with aerial apparatus in the pla
ne in order to draw the topographic map
Normally used in map of scale of 1:10,000~1
:100,000
Light Detection And Ranging ,LIDAR
a ． airborne b. ground
LiDRA
LiDAR is a new type of fast measurement syst
em, which utilizes a variety of measuring te
chniques
GPS
IMU
Laser scanning
Digital image
Continuously measure the 3d coordinate of gr
ound object
LiDAR-operation mode
LiDAR-operation mode
LiDAR-operation mode
Laser and video work jointly
Feature
High collection density: flexibly adjust the laser spo
t collecting interval of different ground surface (0.5
~2.0), which is very helpful for the simulation of DEM
High data accuracy: Unlike traditional aerial photogra
phy, the accuracy of LiDAR data is very high due to th
e principle of laser echo detection. Moreover, the las
er has (GPS+IMU) system, which achieves high positioni
ng accuracy without ground control points
Vegetation penetration capacity: Because the laser det
ection has multiple echo characteristics, it can retur
n the elevation of the crown, branches, and ground. It
effectively overcome the influence of vegetation, and
is more accurate in detecting ground
Feature
Unaffected by shadows and solar heights: The met
hod of laser ranging is not dependent on natural
light for active measurement
Fast access to data: Each laser point is collect
ed directly with real 3d coordinate, and it does
not need a lot of ground work, so it can greatly
reduce the field workload.
Abundant product: Using the high density and hig
h-precision 3D point cloud and image data, it pr
ovides diversified products: digital surface mod
el DSM, digital elevation model DEM, digital lin
e drawing DLG and digital orthophotomap DOM.
Fast DEM construction
3D coordination
The laser point cloud data itself is 3D data
. The traditional aerial photogrammetry is 2
D.
3d data cloud aerial photogrammetry
Vegetation penetration
Multiple echo detection technique
This feature can effectively detect the height
of trees and the acquisition of 3D information
under trees
Products-Raw data cloud
Digital surface model DSM
Plain area— grid gap 0.5m
DSM
Urban area— grid gap 0.5m
3D model
3D model of urban building based on LIDAR point cloud
DSM
Mountain zone- grid gap 1m
DEM
Remove non ground points such as vegetation, and generate high-
precision DEM (grid interval 1m)
DEM
DEM and cross sectional profile
Using 3D DEM data, the engineering data can
be measured directly
Contour vector data
Generating high precision contour lines by D
EM data
The interval is 1 meter
The interval is 2 meter
DLG
Digital orthophoto map
0.2 meter resolution image
Electronic sand table
Superimposition of DOM and DEM
Question?
Please discuss the advantages and disadvanta
ges of the five afore-mentioned methods and
their application conditions?
