Software Life

Cycle Models
 Software Life Cycle Models

The goal of Software Engineering is to provide

models and processes that lead to the
production of well documented maintainable
software in a manner that is predictable.
 Software Life Cycle Models

“The period of time that starts when a software product is conceived

and ends when the product is no longer available for use. The
software life cycle typically includes a requirement phase, design
phase, implementation phase, test phase, installation and check out
phase, operation and maintenance phase, and sometimes retirement
phase”.
 SDLC Models

 Build & fix model

 Product is constructed without Build

specifications or any attempt at Code
design

 Adhoc approach and not well Fix

defined

 Simple two phase model

 SDLC Models

 Suitable for small programming exercises of 100 or 200 lines

 Unsatisfactory for software for any reasonable size

 Code soon becomes unfixable & un enhance able

 No room for structured design

 Maintenance is practically not possible

 Waterfall Model

This model is named “waterfall

Requirement
Analysis & Specification model” because its diagrammatic
representation resembles a cascade of
System and waterfalls.
software design

Implementation
and unit testing

Integr ation and

system testing

Operation and
maintenance
 Waterfall Model

This model is easy to understand and reinforces

the notion of “define before design” and design
before code.

The model expects complete & accurate

requirements early in the process, which is
unrealistic
 Waterfall Model

Problems of waterfall model

i. It is difficult to define all requirements at the beginning of a
project

ii. This model is not suitable for accommodating any change

iii. A working version of the system is not seen until late in
the project’s life

iv. It does not scale up well to large projects.

v. Real projects are rarely sequential.

 Prototyping Model

 The prototype may be a usable program but is not suitable as

the final software product.

 The code for the prototype is thrown away

 The development of a prototype might involve extra cost, but

overall cost might turnout to be lower than that of an
equivalent system developed using the waterfall model.
 Prototyping Model

• Linear model
• “Rapid”
 Iterative Enhancement Model

This model has the same phases as the waterfall model, but with
fewer restrictions. Generally the phases occur in the same order as
in the waterfall model, but they may be conducted in several cycles.
Useable product is released at the end of the each cycle, with each
release providing additional functionality.

 Customers and developers specify as many requirements as

possible and prepare a SRS document.

 Developers and customers then prioritize these requirements

 Developers implement the specified requirements in one or
more cycles of design, implementation and test based on the
defined priorities.
 Inerative Enhancement Model

Requirements
specification

Architectural
design

Detailed
design

Implementation
and unit testing

Integration
and testing

Operation and
Maintenance
 Evolutionary Development -Model

Evolutionary development model resembles iterative enhancement

model. The same phases as defined for the waterfall model occur
here in a cyclical fashion. This model differs from iterative
enhancement model in the sense that this does not require a
useable product at the end of each cycle. In evolutionary
development, requirements are implemented by category rather
than by priority.

This model is useful for projects using new technology that is not
well understood. This is also used for complex projects where all
functionality must be delivered at one time, but the requirements
are unstable or not well understood at the beginning.
 Evolutionary Development -Model

Concurr ent
activities

Initial
Specification
version

Outline Intermediate
Development
description versions

Final
Validation
version
 Spiral Model

Models do not deal with uncertainly which is inherent to software

projects.

Important software projects have failed because project risks were

neglected & no body was prepared when something unforeseen
happened.

Barry Boehm recognized this and tired to incorporate the “project

risk” factor into a life cycle model.

The result is the spiral model, which was presented in 1986.

Spiral Model
 Spiral Model
The radial dimension of the model represents the cumulative costs.
Each path around the spiral is indicative of increased costs. The
angular dimension represents the progress made in completing each
cycle. Each loop of the spiral from X-axis clockwise through 360o
represents one phase. One phase is split roughly into four sectors of
major activities.
 Planning: Determination of objectives, alternatives &
constraints.
 Risk Analysis: Analyze alternatives and attempts to identify
and resolve the risks involved.
 Development: Product development and testing product.
 Assessment: Customer evaluation
 Spiral Model
 An important feature of the spiral model is that each phase is
completed with a review by the people concerned with the
project (designers and programmers)
 The advantage of this model is the wide range of options to
accommodate the good features of other life cycle models.
 It becomes equivalent to another life cycle model in
appropriate situations.
The spiral model has some difficulties that need to be resolved
before it can be a universally applied life cycle model. These
difficulties include lack of explicit process guidance in determining
objectives, constraints, alternatives; relying on risk assessment
expertise; and provides more flexibility than required for many
applications.
 The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

o Developed by IBM in 1980

o User participation is essential

This is how the

The requirements The developers problem is
understood it in This is how the
specification was solved now
that way problem was
defined like this solved before.

This is how the program is This, in fact, is what the

That is the program after described by marketing customer wanted …
debugging department
The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

o Build a rapid prototype

o Show it to user
o Prototype is refined

With active participation of users

Requirements User Construction Cut over

Planning Description
 The Rapid Application Development (RAD) Model

Not an appropriate model in the absence of user

participation.

Reusable components are required to reduce development

time.

Highly specialized & skilled developers are required and

such developers are not easily available.
 Selection of a Life Cycle Model

Selection of a model is based on:

a) Requirements

b) Development team
c) Users

d) Project type and associated risk

 Based On Characteristics Of
Requirements
Requirements Waterfall Prototype Iterative Evolutionary Spiral RAD
enhancement development

Are requirements
easily understandable Yes No No No No Yes
and defined?

Do we change
requirements quite No Yes No No Yes No
often?

Can we define
requirements early Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
in the cycle?

Requirements are
indicating a complex No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
system to be built
Based On Status Of Development
Team
Development Waterfall Prototype Iterative Evolutionary Spiral RAD
team enhancement development

Less experience on
No Yes No No Yes No
similar projects?

Less domain
knowledge (new to Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
the technology)

Less experience on
tools to be used Yes No No No Yes No

Availability of
No No Yes Yes No Yes
training if required
 Based On User’s Participation

Involvement Waterfall Prototype Iterative Evolutionary Spiral RAD

of Users enhancement development

User involvement No Yes No No No Yes

in all phases

Limited user Yes No Yes Yes Yes No

participation

User have no No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

previous experience
of participation in
similar projects

Users are experts No Yes Yes Yes No Yes

of problem domain
 Based On Type Of Project With
Associated Risk
Project type Waterfall Prototype Iterative Evolutionary Spiral RAD
and risk enhancement development

Project is the No No Yes Yes No Yes

enhancement of the
existing system
Funding is stable Yes Yes No No No Yes
for the project

High reliability No No Yes Yes Yes No

requirements

Tight project No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

schedule
Use of reusable No Yes No No Yes Yes
components
Are resources No Yes No No Yes No
(time, money,
people etc.) scare?
 Multiple Choice Questions
Note: Select most appropriate answer of the following questions:
2.1 Spiral Model was developed by
(a) Bev Littlewood (b) Berry Boehm
(c) Roger Pressman (d) Victor Basili
2.2 Which model is most popular for student’s small projects?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Spiral model
(c) Quick and fix model (d) Prototyping model
2.3 Which is not a software life cycle model?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Spiral model
(c) Prototyping model (d) Capability maturity model
2.4 Project risk factor is considered in
(a) Waterfall model (b) Prototyping model
(c) Spiral model (d) Iterative enhancement model
2.5 SDLC stands for
(a) Software design life cycle (b) Software development life cycle
(c) System development life cycle (d) System design life cycle
 Multiple Choice Questions
Note: Select most appropriate answer of the following questions:
2.6 Build and fix model has
(a) 3 phases (b) 1 phase
(c) 2 phases (d) 4 phase
2.7 SRS stands for
(a) Software requirements specification (b) Software requirements solution
(c) System requirements specification (d) none of the above
2.8 Waterfall model is not suitable for
(a) small projects (b) accommodating change
(c) complex projects (d) none of the above
2.9 RAD stands for
(a) Rapid application development (b) Relative application development
(c) Ready application development (d) Repeated application development
2.10 RAD model was proposed by
(a) Lucent Technologies (b) Motorola
(c) IBM (d) Microsoft
 Multiple Choice Questions
Note: Select most appropriate answer of the following questions:
2.11 If requirements are easily understandable and defined,which model is best suited?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Prototyping model
(c) Spiral model (d) None of the above
2.12 If requirements are frequently changing, which model is to be selected?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Prototyping model
(c) RAD model (d) Iterative enhancement model
2.13 If user participation is available, which model is to be chosen?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Iterative enhancement model
(c) Spiral model (d) RAD model
2.14 If limited user participation is available, which model is to be selected?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Spiral model
(c) Iterative enhancement model (d) any of the above
2.15 If project is the enhancement of existing system, which model is best suited?
(a) Waterfall model (b) Prototyping model
(c) Iterative enhancement model (d) Spiral model
 Multiple Choice Questions
Note: Select most appropriate answer of the following questions:
2.16 Which one is the most important feature of spiral model?
(a) Quality management (b) Risk management
(c) Performance management (d) Efficiency management
2.17 Most suitable model for new technology that is not well understood is:
(a) Waterfall model (b) RAD model
(c) Iterative enhancement model (d) Evolutionary development model
2.18 Statistically, the maximum percentage of errors belong to the following phase of
SDLC
(a) Coding (b) Design
(c) Specifications (d) Installation and maintenance
2.19 Which phase is not available in software life cycle?
(a) Coding (b) Testing
(c) Maintenance (d) Abstraction
2.20 The development is supposed to proceed linearly through the phase in
(a) Spiral model (b) Waterfall model
(c) Prototyping model (d) None of the above