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Motor Theory

The document provides an overview of AC motor theory, including how AC motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy using magnetic fields that induce current in the rotor. It discusses motor components, speed determination based on frequency, torque production based on voltage, and speed control methods. It also covers motor nameplate information, winding connections, and types of induction motors.

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RM Haroon
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74 views22 pages

Motor Theory

The document provides an overview of AC motor theory, including how AC motors convert electrical energy to mechanical energy using magnetic fields that induce current in the rotor. It discusses motor components, speed determination based on frequency, torque production based on voltage, and speed control methods. It also covers motor nameplate information, winding connections, and types of induction motors.

Uploaded by

RM Haroon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Motor Theory

 Over View
– History
– AC Motors Convert Electrical Energy to Mechanical
Energy
» Induction
» Motor Components
» The Magnetic Field
» Speed
» Slip
» Slip Control

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 Overview (cont.)
– AC Motors Convert Electrical Energy to
Mechanical Energy
» Torque
– Speed Control
– Nameplate Information
– Motor Winding Connections
– Types of Induction Motors

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 First Electric Motor Was DC in 1833


– Simple to control speed
 First AC Motor in 1899
– Simple and Robust
– Fixed speed and torque characteristics

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– When a conductor is moving across a magnetic
field a voltage is induced
– If the conductor is part of a closed circuit there
will be a current induced

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– In a motor, the induction principle is utilized in
reverse
» A live conductor is placed in a magnetic field
» The conductor is influenced by a force which tries
to move it through the magnetic field

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– The AC motor is made up of two parts
» The Stator
 The stationary section that contain the windings
» The Rotor
 The rotating section that contains the conductors

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– The Magnetic Field
» Rotates in the air gap between the stator and the rotor
» Has a fixed location in the stator core but its direction
varies
 Speed of direction change is determined by the frequency of
the AC line
 The field changes 60 times per second with 60 Hz power

In te c
AC Motor Theory
 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into Mechanical
Energy
– The Magnetic Field
» When three phases are introduced in the motor three magnetic fields
are introduced
 Make up a symmetrical rotating
 120 degrees apart
 Poles of opposite polarity are formed
– Speed = (frequency x 120) / # of poles
 (60 Hz x 120) / 4 poles = 1800 rpm
 Theoretical or Synchronous - need to factor
in “slip”

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– Slip
» The rotor is not quite able to keep up with the
magnetic field rotation so rotates slightly slower
» Slip is typically 3-8% of synchronous speed
» So, actual motor speed equals:
Speed = ((Frequency x 120) / # of poles) - Slip
((60Hz x 120) / 4 poles) - 50 rpm) = 1750 rpm

In te c
AC Motor Theory
 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into
Mechanical Energy
– Slip Control
» Slip can be controlled through motor voltage
» If voltage is reduced then slip will increase
 Soft Starts
» Since AC motors are designed for a certain voltage and
frequency ratio, changing the voltage alone will cause
improper magnetization and increase losses and motor
heat

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– Speeds of Typical Motors @ 60 Hz
2 pole = 3600 rpm - slip
4 pole = 1800 rpm - slip
6 pole = 1200 rpm - slip
8 pole = 900 rpm - slip

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AC Motor Theory

 AC Motors Convert Electric Energy into


Mechanical Energy
– Motor torque is affected by the voltage
– As voltage increases in relation to frequency,
torque increases

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AC Motor Theory

 Torque in AC Motors
– A one hp, four pole motor (1800 rpm sync.) has
approximately 3 ft-lbs. of torque
– If the V/Hz ratio remains constant then the
torque will remain constant over the speed
range

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AC Motor Theory

Pop Quiz!

Motor A is a Four Pole, 1750 rpm, 100


hp motor
Motor B is a Two Pole, 3500 rpm, 200
hp motor
Which motor has more torque?

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AC Motor Theory

Answer: The torque will be the same.


Remember that horsepower is a function of
speed and torque. Although motor B has
twice the horsepower it also has to go twice
the speed.
So, how much torque will they have?

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AC Motor Theory

Answer: 300 ft.-lbs.

Since a 1 hp, 1750 RPM motor creates 3 ft.-lbs.


then a 100 hp, 1750 rpm motor will create
300 ft.-lbs.

Remember: Horsepower is not the whole story!

In te c
AC Motor Theory

 Speed Control In AC Motors


– Proper Speed Variation
» Since the rotor follows the rotating magnetic field
then the rotor will slow with a lower frequency
» Since the motor is designed for a certain voltage to
frequency ratio, if we lower voltage in proportion to
the frequency the torque will remain constant

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AC Motor Theory
 Typical Motor Nameplate Data
– Frame size
» NEMA standard sizes
» Lower rpm motors will have larger frame sizes to help cool
since the cooling fan is moving less air
– Horsepower
– RPM
– Voltage
– Full Load Amps
» For each voltage (208-230/460 VAC)

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AC Motor Theory
 Typical Motor Nameplate Data
– Power Factor (not on all motors)
» Ratio of how much current is active to reactive
 Active current goes to shaft output
 Reactive current builds the magnetic field
– Insulation class
– Enclosure
» ODP - Open, drip proof
» TEFC - Totally enclosed, fan cooled
» TEBC - Totally enclosed, blower cooled

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AC Motor Theory
 Motor Winding Connections
– Typical motor has nine leads
– Follow motor instructions for connections for your
nominal voltage
» 230 VAC diagrams will have the windings in parallel
» 460 VAC diagrams will have the windings in series
– On part winding start motors tie both the start and the
run together
» Verify that both windings have the same
rotation

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AC Motor Theory
 Types of AC Induction Motors
– Standard efficient
– Energy efficient
» Federal government requiring all new motors to be energy
efficient
– Inverter Duty
» Higher class insulation, phase paper, mounts for constant
velocity fan
– Vector Duty
» Same as inverter duty but with a shaft encoder

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AC Motor Theory
 Conclusion
– AC Motors operate through rotating magnetic
fields
– The speed of the motor is determined by the
frequency of the power supply
– The torque of the motor is determined by the
voltage applied
– AC motors are designed for a fixed voltage to
frequency ratio

In te c

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