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Abstracting and Abstracting Techniques

An abstract summarizes the key points of a document in 250 words or less. It includes the objectives, methodology, main findings, and significance of the research. An annotation is a brief comment on a document, while an extract is a selected portion and a summary restates the document's conclusions. A synoptic combines text, tables and figures to convey 2000 words of key results. Abstracts precede documents, while summaries may be included at the end. Abstracts summarize summaries and are shorter than summaries.

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Amit Kr Godara
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261 views9 pages

Abstracting and Abstracting Techniques

An abstract summarizes the key points of a document in 250 words or less. It includes the objectives, methodology, main findings, and significance of the research. An annotation is a brief comment on a document, while an extract is a selected portion and a summary restates the document's conclusions. A synoptic combines text, tables and figures to convey 2000 words of key results. Abstracts precede documents, while summaries may be included at the end. Abstracts summarize summaries and are shorter than summaries.

Uploaded by

Amit Kr Godara
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Abstracting and Abstracting

Techniques
Abstract
An abstract is a very important portion of an
article.
• Abstract is best placed before the text of the
manuscript so that the reader might
comprehend the essence of the author’s
research.
• The formulation of an abstract into a short
paragraph forces the author to express precisely
the most important information of the research.
Annotation
-Explanatory notes to a book,
document etc.
An annotation is a brief comment
or explanation about a document or
the contents, usually added as a note
after the bibliographic citation of the
document.
Extract, Summary
• Extract is one or more portion of a
document selected to represent the
whole ( an excerpt).
• Summary is a brief restatement within
the document (usually at the end) of its
salient findings and conclusions and is
intended to complete the orientation of
a reader who has studied the preceding
text.
Synoptic
• A Synoptic is a concise first publication in
a directly usable form of key results
selected, from an available but
previously unpublished paper. It differs
from an abstract (which it contains) in
that it is often a combination of text,
tables, and figures, and may contain the
equivalent of 2000 words.
Abstract and Summary
• Abstract is generally restricted to 250 words or even
less, but a summary may be somewhat longer.
• If a summary is the précis of a report, an abstract is a
précis of the summary.
• Long reports, sometimes has a summary as well as
an abstract; in short reports the abstract tends to
coincide with the summary.
• A synopsis is a summary with some particulars,
especially of the results, given in greater detail than
in a summary.
Abstract
• The abstract should be informative, give a
succinct condensation of the article, and
complete in itself and intelligible without
reference to the text, figures or tables. It
generally appears at the beginning.

• Always begin the abstract with rationale and


objective statements; never jump directly into
the materials and methods.
Abstract…
It should include:
• Principal objectives and scope of investigation.
• Methodology/technique(s) employed/but not
mega emphasis on techniques but on results.
• The main and important findings of the experiment.
• The contribution of this particular piece of work
towards new knowledge
• Avoid use of abbreviation
• Use past tense
Abstract…
• The abstract is not needed in a short report though it
is required in a long report. The busy technocrat or
an overbusy executive may read only the abstract
and refer to the relevant parts of the report only if it
is absolutely necessary.
• The abstract is placed on the separate page or
immediately after the title.
• Its length may vary from half a page to one page and
it should be typed in single space and centred on the
page leaving equal space on the left and right sides.

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