Faraday’s Law

 Faraday’s Law of Induction

 Lenz’s Law
Faraday’s Law of Induction
The emf induced in a circuit is directly proportional
to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
through the circuit.

d B
E 
dt
where,

d B
For N loops, E  N
dt
Faraday’s Law of Induction
d B d
E  E    BA cos  
dt dt
To induce an emf we can change,

• the magnitude of B
• the area enclosed by the loop
• the angle between B and the
normal to the area
• any combination of the above

over time.
 Lenz’s Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce
a current that creates a magnetic flux to oppose the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the current loop.

As the bar is slid to the right,

the flux through the loop
increases.
This induces an emf that will
result in an opposing flux.

Since the external field is into

the screen, the induced field has
to be out of the screen.

Which means a
counterclockwise current
Induced EMF
 Determine if the magnetic field (B) is increasing

1) 2)
The area of the coil is increasing.
Determine the direction of the induced current.
3) 4)
 Induced EMF
1) 2)
Induced EMF(change in area)
Increasing Area of the circle

clockwise
Induced EMF(change in area)

clockwise
Induced EMF (solenoid)
 Induced EMF
A current flows through
the loop when a magnet
is moved near it, without
any batteries!

The needle deflects

momentarily when the
switch is closed
Electric Guitar

N Pickup Coil S
N S

Magnet
Guitar String

To Amplifier
END
Motional EMF
As the wire moves,

FB  qv  B
Which sets the charges in motion in the
direction of FB and leaves positive charges
behind.
As they accumulate on the bottom, an electric
field is set up inside.

In equilibrium,

FB  FE
qvB  qE
V  El  Blv
E  vB
Motional EMF in a Circuit
 B  BA  Blx

d B d dx
E     Blx    Bl
dt dt dt

E Blv
E   Blv I 
R R
If the bar is moved with constant velocity,

Fapp  FB  IlB

B 2l 2 v 2 E 2
P  Fapp v   IlB  v  
R R
Magnetic Force on a Sliding Bar
dv
Fx  ma  m   IlB
dt
Blv
I
R

dv B 2l 2
m  v
dt R
dv  B 2l 2 
  dt
v  mR 
1
B l 
2 2
The bar has a mass, m, and v  vi e t    
mR

an initial velocity vi  

FB   IlB
 Lenz’s Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it tends to produce
a current that creates a magnetic flux to oppose the change in
magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the current loop.

As the bar is slid to the right,

the flux through the loop
increases.
This induces an emf that will
result in an opposing flux.

Since the external field is into

the screen, the induced field has
to be out of the screen.

Which means a
counterclockwise current
Energy Considerations
Suppose, instead of flowing counterclockwise, the induced current flows
clockwise:
Then the force will be towards the right

which will accelerate the bar to the right

which will increase the magnetic flux

which will cause more induced current to flow

which will increase the force on the bar

… and so on

All this is inconsistent with the conservation of energy

Moving Magnet and Stationary Coil

• Right moving magnet • Left moving magnet

increases flux through decreases flux through
the loop. the loop.
• It induces a current that • It induces a current that
creates it own magnetic creates it own magnetic
field to oppose the flux field to oppose the flux
increase. decrease.
Application of Lenz’s Law

When the switch is closed, the flux goes

from zero to a finite value in the direction
shown.

To counteract this flux, the induced current in

the ring has to create a field in the opposite
direction.

After a few seconds, since there is no change in the flux, no current flows.

When the switch is opened again, this time flux decreases, so a current
in the opposite direction will be induced to counter act this decrease.
Loop Moving Through a Magnetic
Field
Induced EMF and Electric Fields
Changing Magnetic Flux EMF Electric Field Inside a
Conductor

This induced electric field is non-conservative and time-varying

d B d B
E 
dt  E.ds   dt
W  qE  FE  2r 
General Form of
Faraday’s Law
qE  qE  2r 
E
E
2r
1 d B
E
2r dt

1 d
2r dt
 r 2 B 
r dB
E
2 dt
Electric Field Induced by a Changing Magnetic
Field in a Solenoid
d B
 E.ds   dt

 E.ds  
d
dt
 BR 2   R 2
dB
dt
dB
E  2r   R 2
dt

E  2r   R 2  0 nI max sin t

0 nI maxR 2 r>R
E sin t
2r

I (t )  I max cos t  B  Br 2

dB
B   0 nI E  2r   r 2  r 2  0 nI max sin t
dt
B (t )   0 nI max cos t  0 nI max
E r sin t r<R
2
Generators and Motors

 B  BA cos   BA cos t

d B d
E  N   NAB  cos t   NAB sin t
dt dt
Emax  NAB
Maxwell’s Equations
Q
 E.dA   0 Gauss’ Law

Gauss’ Law for Magnetism –

 B.dA  0 no magnetic monopoles

d B
 E.ds   dt Faraday’s Law

d E
 B.ds  0 I  0 0 dt Ampère-Maxwell Law

F  qE  qv  B Lorentz Force Law