CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
TRISHA VINCH D. NAVARCE
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Biological Systems Utilize Fr
ee Energy And Molecular B
uilding Blocks To Grow, To
Reproduce, And To Mainta
in Dynamic Homeostasis
ATP
ENERGY STORED
IN GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE
THE IMMEDIATE ENERGY SOURCE OF THE CELL
• 6-Carbon Carbohydrate C6H12O6 (Hexose)
• The starter molecule of cellular respiration
• Glucose stores energy in the form of Adenosine
Triphoshate (ATP)
• Some organisms can produce their own glucose from
inorganic sources (autotrophs) while others have to
consume glucose from other organic sources
(heterotrophs)
• Other sources of energy include Triglycerides and
Proteins.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
THE ENERGY CURRENCY OF THE CELL
• It is a Nucleic Acid molecule that remains a singular
nucleotide composed of 1 Ribose (Sugar), 3 Phosphates,
and 1 Adenine (nitrogenous base)
• ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi by and enzyme called
ATPase to release energy of
approximately (7.3 kcal/mol or 30kJ/mol)
• The energy released will be used by the cell to carry
out its metabolic processes.
TWO TYPES OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION RESPIRATION
NEEDS OXYGEN TO DOES NOT NEED
PRODUCE ENERGY OXYGEN TO
PRODUCE ENERGY
THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN TO CO2 AND H2O AND ATP IS RELEASED
THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION HAS THREE STAGES
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS = KREBS CYCLE = MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
CYTOSOL
ETC= MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
GLYCOLYSIS
• Glykys = Sweet; Lysis = Splitting
• AKA the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
• Anaerobic
• Takes place in the Cytosol of the cell
• 6-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into two molecules of
Pyruvate, a 3-carbon molecule
• PRODUCTS: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
• NET PRODUCTS: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS
Fill in the table with the missing information
corresponding to each given glucose molecule
GLUCOSE TOTAL ATP ATP USED NET ATP NADH PYRUVATE
6
GLYCOLYSIS
Fill in the table with the missing information
corresponding to each given glucose molecule
GLUCOSE TOTAL ATP ATP USED NET ATP NADH PYRUVATE
2 8 4 4 4 4
4 16 8 8 8 8
6 24 12 12 12 12
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS = KREBS CYCLE = MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
CYTOSOL
ETC= MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
THE MITOCHONDRIA
• Membrane bound organelles
• Their main function is the conversion of the potential energy of food molecules into ATP
Protects the mitochondria and lets small
molecules to move in and out of the
OUTER
structure due to the presence of porins. It
MEMBRANE also contains transport proteins for
shuttling pyruvate into the mitochondrion
INNER Contains integral proteins ( ETC and ATP
MEMBRANE Synthase) for oxidative phosphorylation
INTERMEMBRANE Space in between the outer and inner
SPACE (IMS) membrane wherein its composition is similar
to that of the cytosol
Inner membrane folds that increase the
CRISTAE
surface area available to have the reactions
which make ATP
MATRIX Contains proteins and mitochondrial DNA. It
has the appropriate enzymes and pH for the
Krebs Cycle to occur.
THE LINKING STEP
• Occurs in the Mitochondrial Matrix
• Before the actual Krebs Cycle begins, 2 molecules of Pyruvate
are oxidized to 2 molecules of Acetyl-CoA through a process
called Oxidative Decarboxylation by the Pyruvate
Dehydrogenase Complex Enzyme where 2 NADH and 2 CO
2 are produced in the process
KREBS CYCLE
• AKA the Citric Acid Cycle or the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
• Aerobic
• Takes place in the Mitochondrial Matrix
• Used to generate energy though the oxidation of Acetyl-CoA
• Also used for the production of amino acids
• Produces GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate) instead of ATP
• At the end of the cycle, nothing remains of the original glucose
molecule.
• PRODUCTS/CYCLE: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2
• PRODUCTS/GLUCOSE MOLECULE: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP, 4 CO2
• NET PRODUCTS: THE SAME
KREBS CYCLE
PARTIAL SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS
(GLYCOLYSIS + KREBS CYCLE)
PER 1 MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE
GLYCOLYSIS LINKING KREBS CYCLE SUBTOTAL
STEP
NET ATP or 2 -- 2 4
GTP
NADH 2 2 6 10
FADH2 0 -- 2 2
OTHER 2 Pyruvate 2 CO2 4 CO2 ---
PRODUCTS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS = KREBS CYCLE = MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
CYTOSOL
ETC= MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Aerobic
• Takes place in the Mitochondrial Inner Membrane
• Main source of energy in the aerobic pathway (because it produces
the greatest number of ATP)
• Consists of a series of molecules, mostly proteins, embedded in the
inner mitochondrial membrane (Complexes I-IV and ATP Synthase)
• NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers that are needed to produce
ATP in this stage
• This stage generates ATP from the movement of Hydrogen Ions from
the Intermembrane space to the Mitochondrial Matrix through ATP
Synthase. This process is called Chemiosmosis
• H20 is produced from the combination of Hydrogen Ions from the
matrix and the final electron acceptor, oxygen.
• PRODUCTS/GLUCOSE MOLECULE: 28 ATP
• NET PRODUCTS: THE SAME
THE ELECTRON CARRIERS
NADH
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (with hydrogen)
• Is the reduced form of NAD+
• A reducing agent
• An Electron Acceptor
• Transfers electrons to Cytochrome Complex I in the Electron Transport
Chain
• Produced during Glycolysis, the Linking Step, and the Krebs Cycle
GLYCOLYSIS LINKING STEP KREBS CYCLE
THE ELECTRON CARRIERS
NADH
• Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (with hydrogen)
• Is the reduced form of NAD+
• A reducing agent
• An Electron Acceptor
• Transfers electrons to Complex I in the Electron Transport Chain
• Produced during Glycolysis, the Linking Step, and the Krebs Cycle
GLYCOLYSIS LINKING STEP KREBS CYCLE
2 2 6
THE ELECTRON CARRIERS
FADH2
• Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide (with 2 molecules of hydrogen)
• Is the reduced form of FAD
• A reducing agent
• An Electron Acceptor
• Transfers electrons to Complex II in the Electron Transport Chain
• Produced only during the Krebs Cycle
• The Krebs Cycle will produce 1 FADH2 per cycle or 2 FADH2 per
glucose molecule
THE ENZYME COMPLEXES
COMPLEX I NADH dehygrogenase
COMPLEX II succinate dehydrogenase
COMPLEX III cytochrome c reductase
(the cytochrome b-c1
complex)
COMPLEX IV cytochrome c oxidase
ATP synthase
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
ENERGY CALCULATION
It takes 4 Hydrogen Ions to flow
through ATP Synthase to generate
1 ATP from ADP and Phosphate
NADH FADH2
10 Hydrogen 2.5 ATP 6 Hydrogen 1.5 ATP
Ions Ions
TOTAL NUMBER OF ATP per ELECTRON ATP EQUIVALENT IN
ELECTRON CARRIERS CARRIER MOLECULE THE ETC
SO FAR
10 NADH 2.5 25
2 FADH2 1.5 3
28
ENERGY CALCULATION
ATP FROM GLYCOLYSIS 2
ATP FROM KREBS CYCLE 2
ATP FROM THE ETC 28
TOTAL ATP: 32
PER MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE, A THEORETICAL
NUMBER OF 32 ATP ARE PRODUCED
In reality, the cells’ efficiency to produce energy is affected by
many factors and will vary from their specific cellular function.
A range of 30-38 Molecules of ATP are produced.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
GLYCOLYSIS = KREBS CYCLE = MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
CYTOSOL
ETC= MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEMBRANE
SUMMARY
PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Anabolic Process Catabolic Process
Autotrophs only Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Cannot occur without light Can occur without light
Occurs in the Chloroplast Occurs mostly in the
mitochondrion (but also the
cytosol)
Light Dependent and Light Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron
Indenpent Reaction Transport Chain
Water and CO2 are reactants Water and CO2 are products
Oxygen and Glucose are Oxygen and Glucose are
products reactants
Chemical Energy is stored Chemical Energy is released
THANK YOU!
