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Interchanges

An interchange is a road junction that uses bridges and ramps to allow traffic on one highway to pass through without stopping. The basic purpose is to provide an easy and safe way for vehicles to transfer between roadways. There are several types of interchanges including three-leg, four-leg, cloverleaf, partial cloverleaf, and directional. The type used depends on factors like cost, land needs, traffic volumes, and roadway configurations. Directional interchanges with multiple bridges provide the highest levels of traffic flow and safety but are also the most expensive to construct.

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Mohammed O Ibrahim
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59 views17 pages

Interchanges

An interchange is a road junction that uses bridges and ramps to allow traffic on one highway to pass through without stopping. The basic purpose is to provide an easy and safe way for vehicles to transfer between roadways. There are several types of interchanges including three-leg, four-leg, cloverleaf, partial cloverleaf, and directional. The type used depends on factors like cost, land needs, traffic volumes, and roadway configurations. Directional interchanges with multiple bridges provide the highest levels of traffic flow and safety but are also the most expensive to construct.

Uploaded by

Mohammed O Ibrahim
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Interchanges *

Its a road junction that uses grade separation, and


typically one or more ramps, to permit traffic on at least
one highway to pass through the junction without
interruption from other crossing traffic streams.
Definition & Purpose
Simply its a bridge or series of bridges which enables the
traffic stream on the intersecting highways to cross over
each other without any vehicle conflicts taking place.
The basic purpose of an interchange is to provide an easy
and safe means by which vehicle may transfer from one
roadway to another.
‫‪Features‬‬
‫‪› High initial cost‬‬ ‫ذات كلفة عالية ولكن استخدامها ضروري ›‬
‫‪› Capacities‬‬ ‫عند وجود نقاط اختناق اليمكن حلها بالطرق التقليدية ›‬
‫‪› Accidents‬‬ ‫يستخدم لتقليل الحوادث ›‬
‫‪› Topography‬‬ ‫طبيعة األرض بعض األحيان تفرض استخدامها ›‬
‫‪› B/C analysis‬‬ ‫التحليل االقتصادي يعطي افضلية النشائها ›‬
Type of Interchanges
3-Leg Interchange “Three Way Interchange”
The simplest type when two highways meet each other, the
typical shape is “Trumpet” or like the shape of letter T and Y
‫ االقواس تكون حادة ويمكن تالفيها بزيادة مسافة االستدارة‬:‫*من مشاكلها‬

A trumpet interchange on the 


Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway in Ottawa, Ontario.
45.411389°N 75.735278°W
Directional T interchange (Y-interchange)*
A full Y-interchange (also known as a directional T interchange) is typically used
when a three-way interchange is required for two or three highways
interchanging in semi-parallel/perpendicular directions, but it can also be used
in right-angle case as well.

Complex T interchange of SR 85 and


SR 87 in San Jose, California.
37.255721°N 121.858878°W
Semi-directional T interchange*
Like a directional T interchange, a semi-directional T interchange uses
flyover (overpass) or underpass ramps in all directions at a three-way
interchange. However, in a semi-directional T some of the splits and merges
are switched to avoid ramps to and from the passing lane, eliminating the
major disadvantage of the directional T. Semi-directional T interchanges are
generally safe and efficient, though they do require more land and are
costlier than trumpet interchanges.

Two level Semi-directional T


Semi-directional T interchange interchange in Orbe, Switzerland. 
46.72836°N 6.569738°E
‫”‪4-Leg Interchanges “Four Way Interchange‬‬
‫‪-Diamond interchange:‬‬
‫‪primary-secondary‬‬
‫‪› Simple‬‬
‫‪› One structure needed only‬‬ ‫يحتاج جسر واحد فقط ›‬
‫‪› Narrow area‬‬
‫‪› Give free & full access for‬‬
‫‪primary highway‬‬

‫• في هذا النوع الطريق الرئيسي يستطيع االستمرار نحو االمام واليسار دون تقاطع‬
‫• الطريق الثانوي يستطيع االستمرار نحو االمام واليمين ومن ثم من اليمين االستدارة الى اليسار للوصول‬
‫للرئيسي ويحصل " تداخل" وهاذا احد مساوئ هذا النوع لذا فهو ليس ‪Full Interchange‬‬
One structure
needed only

Springfield, Missouri's first


diverging diamond at Interstate 44
and Kansas Expressway.
-Cloverleaf Interchange
Primary-Primary
Semi-Direct

Weaving Length
-Cloverleaf Interchange

› Advantage
› One Structure
› Full Interchange
› Stage Construction › ‫يمكن بنائه بمراحل‬
› Clearly Used
› 8 Separated turns
‫‪-Cloverleaf Interchange‬‬
‫‪› Disadvantage‬‬
‫‪› Left turn 270 degree‬‬ ‫ال تعطي الحل األمثل ›‬
‫تتال‪e‬ف م‪e‬ن عدة منحدرات منفذة بمجموعة › ‪› Sharp compound curves‬‬
‫‪› Steep Grade‬‬ ‫م‪e‬ن االقواس المركب‪e‬ة‪ ،‬وتنفيذه‪e‬ا بشكل‬
‫منحن‪e‬ي مس‪e‬طح يحتاج مس‪e‬احات كبيرة‬
‫‪› Less capacity‬‬ ‫وتؤدي الى كلفة عالية ووقت اطول‬
‫‪› Large area‬‬ ‫يحتاج الى مسافة كافية لتامين السير ›‬
‫‪› Weaving length‬‬ ‫بشكل مريح‬

‫* في حالة عدم إمكانية تنفيذها بشكل كامل بسبب وجود عراقيل بالعمل او احد الطريقين هو ثانوي حاليا ويتوقع ان يصبح اكثر أهمية‬
‫مستقبال او ان الكلفة الحالية ال تسمح بانشاء تقاطع بشكل كامل في هذه الحاالت يتم تنفيذه بشكل جزئي”‪.”Partial Cloverleaf‬‬
Partial Cloverleaf ( 2-Quadrant)
A partial cloverleaf interchange or
parclo is a modification of a
cloverleaf interchange.
The design has been well received,
and has since become one of the
most popular freeway-to-arterial
interchange designs in North
America. It has also been used
occasionally in some European
countries, such as Germany,
Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and
the United Kingdom.

A parclo A4 type interchange on the 


Highway 407 Electronic Toll Route in Ontario
43.571623°N 79.789925°W
Partial Cloverleaf ( 2-Quadrant)

A4 Interchange for right-hand traffic,


or B4 interchange for left-hand traffic
Directional Interchange
› Highest type of interchange, suitable at the intersections
of motorways caring high volume of traffic.

Features: Disadvantage:
 Direct turns  Very expensive
 Very flat curvatures  Need more structures
 High speed
 Greater capacity
 Safer
 Narrow area
Directional Interchange

Directional three legs, three-structures(bridges) Interchange


Other types of interchanges?
Improvement?

Home Work
Give an example on Directional 4-ways interchange with 8 structures (bridges)
(Diagram or Google map photo)
Summary*

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