TOPIC 1
Introduction to
Technical Drawing
Contents
Engineering Drawing
Drawing Tools
Drawing Standards
Engineering Drawing
The words of the language, as they are written or spoken, do not seem to play any role in
my mechanism of thought. The psychical entities which seem to serve as elements in
thought are certain signs and more or less clear images which can be “voluntarily”
reproduced and combined--this combinatory play seems to be the essential feature in
productive thought before there is any connection with logical construction in words or
other kinds of signs which are communicated to others
--Albert Einstein
Effectiveness of
Graphic Language
1. Try to write a description of
this object.
2. Test your written description
by having someone attempt
to make a sketch or visualize
from your description.
You can easily understand that …
The word language is inadequate for describing the size,
shape and features completely as well as concisely.
Graphic Language in
Engineering Drawing
1. “Engineering drawing” or
Surface
“blueprint” uses lines to
Edge
represent the features of an
object.
2. Features of an object are surface
(include plane) and edge.
Ways to Create an
Engineering Drawing
A drawing can be created in 3 ways
1.Freehand sketch
2.Using typical drawing instruments
3.Using a computer
Create a Drawing : Freehand sketch
The lines are drawn using only pencil and erasers on a
blank or grid paper.
Example
Pictorial sketch Orthographic sketch
Create a Drawing : Using instruments
Example
Drawing instruments are used
to draw straight lines, circles,
and curves concisely and
accurately. Drawings are
usually made to scale.
Create a Drawing : Using a computer
Computer aided drafting (CAD) software is used.
Example
2D drawing Solid modeling
Elements of a Drawing
A clear and precise engineering drawing requires both
graphics and word languages.
Graphics language
Describe a shape (mainly).
Word language
Describe an exact size,
location and specification
of the object.
Text on Drawings : Example
Dimensions
&
Notes
General
notes Title
block
Knowledge and Skills Require
Engineering Drawing
Graphics Word
language language
Geometric Projection
construction method Dimensions & Notes
Using line types Visualization
Visualization is the ability to mentally picture things that do not exists.
Drawing Tools
Drawing Tools
Drawing board for size A2 paper
Drawing paper (size A2)
T-square for size A2 paper
Compass
Triangles: 45O and 30O / 60O (300mm)
Pencil (HB, 2H & 3H) / Mechanical Pencil 0.5mm
2B
Function of the tools
Tools Shape to be drawn
1. T-square
Straight line
2. Triangles
T-square and triangles can be used together to draw
an inclined line with 15o increment, i.e. 15o, 30o, 45o,
60o, 75o, 90o, 105o, 120o, 135o, 150o, 165o, 180o etc.
3. Compass
Arc, Circle
4. Circle template
Tools to be prepared
1. Paper Fastening a sheet to a drafting board
2. Pencils Sharpening the lead
3. Compass Sharpening the lead
Paper
1. Place a paper close to the left edge of a
table where a drafter can work conveniently.
2. Place a T-square.
3. Move the paper until its lower edge lies
close to the top edge of a T-square.
4. Align the top edge of the paper with
T-square blade.
5. Attach the paper’s corners with tape.
6. Move T-square down to smooth the paper.
7. Attach the remaining paper’s corners
with tape.
Pencil
1. Remove the wood with penknife while expose a lead
about 8-10 mm.
2. Polish the lead into a conical shape with a sandpaper.
3. Clean the lead with tissue paper.
Compass
1. Sharpen the lead with a sandpaper.
2. Adjust the needle and the lead so that the tip of
the needle extends slightly more than the lead.
needle lead
To keep your drawing clean
Do Don’t
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet
Drawing Scale
Lettering
Line Types
Definition and Necessity
Drawing standards are set of rules that govern how
technical drawings are represented.
Drawing standards are used so that drawings convey
the same meaning to everyone who reads them.
Standard Code
Country Code Full name
Thailand มอก./TIS สำนักงานมาตรฐานผลิตภัณฑ์อตุ สาหกรรม
USA ANSI American National Standard Institute
Japan JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
UK BS British Standard
Australia AS Australian Standard
Germany DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
ISO International Standards Organization
Drawing Standard
Drawing Sheet
A4
Trimmed paper of
a size A0 ~ A4. A3
Standard sheet size A2
(JIS)
A4 210 x 297 A1
A3 297 x 420
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189
A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Drawing Standard
Drawing Scale
Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a
drawn representation of an object and the actual object.
1 : 2
Drawing Actual
Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”
followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows
SCALE 1:1 for full size
SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales
Standard enlarging scales are
2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Standard reducing scales are
1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100
Dimension numbers shown in the drawing represent
the “true size” of an object and they are independent of
the drawing scale used.
Drawing Standard
Lettering
Text’s style on the drawing Examples
must have the following GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly vertical.
Uniformity Not uniform in
thickness of stroke.
- Size (or text height)
- line thickness Inappropriate space
between letters
Text Style
Gothic vertical style.
Begin the sentence, phrase or word with a capital letter.
Text height 2~3 mm.
Space between lines of text is about of text height.
Height of the lower-case letter is about 2/3 of that of a
capital letter.
Basic Strokes
Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved
Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1
3 6
3
2
Suggested
Upper-caseStrokes
Letters &Sequence
Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
&
Numerals
Lower-case Letters
Word Composition
Space between the letters depends on the adjacent
contour of the letters.
DRAWING
Non-uniform
spacing
D R A W IN G
Uniform
spacing
Word having non-uniform spacing is more readable.
Word Composition
DRAWING
Contour
Contour can be denoted as “straight”, “slant” and “curve”.
Adjacent contour can be
1. straight-straight : II, IN, IM, IP etc.
Spacing
2. straight-curve (or curve-straight) : IO, QR etc.
3. straight-slant (or slant-straight) : IV, IW etc.
4. curve-curve : OO, OG etc.
5. slant-curve (or curve-slant) : VO, WG, VC etc.
6. slant-slant : VW, VX etc.
Sentence Composition
Leave the space between words equal to the space
requires for writing a letter “O”.
Example
ALLO DIMENSIONS O ARE O IN
MILLIMETERSO UNLESS
OTHERWISE O SPECIFIED.
Drawing Standard
Line Types
Thickness Thick Thin 1. Dimension line
2. Extension line
Visible line 3. Leader line
Style
Continuous Hidden line
Dash
Chain Center line
1. Visible line represent features that can be seen in the current view.
2. Dimension line
Extension line indicate the sizes and location of features.
Leader line
3. Hidden line represent features that can not be seen in the current view.
4. Center line represents symmetry, path of motion, centers of circles,
axis of axisymmetrical parts
Example
