Chapter 4

Valves
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Type of Valves

Output
FCV

DCV
Control

PCV
Power
Supply
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Type of Valves
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Directional Control Valve : Check valve

 Basic DCV is A Check valve.

 A Check Valve allows flow in
one direction.
 The diagram show a basic inline
check valve.

Free-flow direction No-flow direction

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Directional Control Valve : Check valve

Free-flow direction No-flow direction

In the free-flow direction, the fluid pressure

overcomes the spring forces.
The higher the pressure, the greater will be
the force pushing the poppet against it seat
If flow is attempted in the opposite direction,
the fluid pressure pushes the poppet (along
with the spring force) in the close position.
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Check Valves in Circuit
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Bypassing using Check valve

 A Check Valve can be used for

component bypass, since it give
the circuit line the lowest
resistance to the line.
 Check valve = Injap sehala
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Pilot check valve

 Another type of Check Valve is pilot to open check valve.

 The pilot line refers to a line where it received command
from the fluid itself.
 It always permits free flow in one direction but permits flow
in the normally blocked opposite direction only if pilot
pressure is applied at the pilot pressure port of the valve.
 Pilot to Open Check Valve = Injap sehala buka kendalian
pandu.
 Pilot to close check valve will block the free flow if the pilot
pressure is applied.
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Pilot to Open Check Valve in Counterbalance Circuit.

What happened if the NORMAL check valve is used or without check valve?
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Pilot to Open Check Valve in Counterbalance Circuit.
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Shuttle Valve

Shuttle Valve allow two alternated flow to

be connected into the line.
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DCV Valves : How to Classified?

In Short : 2/2 DCV, 2/2 Way Valve.

In Full : 2 Way, 2 “Spool” Position Valve.
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Type of 2/2 Way Valve. (Normally Open and Normally Closed)

2/2 Way Valve (Normally Close) type 2/2 Way Valve (Normally Open) type
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Type of 3/2 Way Valve. (Normally Open and Normally Closed)

3/2 Way Valve (Normally Open) type 3/2 Way Valve (Normally Closed) type
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3/2 Valve (Normally Closed)

Use for single acting cylinder

NORMAL POSITION ACTUATED

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3/2 Valve (Normally Closed )

NORMAL POSITION ACTUATED

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4/2 Valve (PB Type )
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4/2 Valve (Lever type ) NORMAL POSITION

Use for double acting cylinder

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4/2 Valve (Lever type ) ACTUATED
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NEUTRAL POSITION

The four way, two position DCV used in previous circuit are sometime impractical
since they continuously sending flow and pressure into hydraulic actuator. The should
give a relief to the actuator, a NEUTRAL position should be used, where the actuator is
not subjected to pump pressure.

4/2 Valve

4/3 Valve
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4/3 Valve With Closed Neutral Position

Closed Neutral Position:

(1) The Pump is blocked.
(2) The flow goes to Pressure Relief
Valve.
(3) The maximum allowed pressure
of the system is set by the
pressure relief valve.
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4/3 Valve With Tandem Neutral Position

Tandem Neutral Position:

(1) A desirable condition where the
only pressure involve line
resistance.
(2) The power consumption is
reduced. Is said to be
UNLOADED.
(3) Less energy wasted.
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4/3 Valve With Float Neutral Position

Float Neutral Position:

(1) A desirable condition for a
circuit with motor, since it allow
the motor to spin until fully
stop.
(2) This condition is said to allow
the motor to float or spin freely
without influence of pump.
(3) Not using it may caused
pressure increase at the motor,
since spinning motor might give
a resistance when the positioned
is changed.
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4/3 Valve With Open Neutral Position

Open Neutral Position:

(1) A combination of a tandem and
float neutral position.
(2) A flow will return to the tank
from the pump.
(3) At the same time, A bit of flow
might still be flowing (floating)
at the actuator.
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4/3 Valve With Regenerative Neutral Position

Regenerative Neutral Position:

(1) A term used where the flow
returning from actuator is feed
back into the pressure line to
give supplemental power.
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Valve Actuated: Direct and Pilot

Push button 4/2 way directional

control valve with spring return

Hydraulic oil in Pilot Line only

help in changing the position of
the valve, it does not get mixed
with the oil that is flowing
inside the valve.

Pilot 3/2 way directional

control valve with spring return
DCVs Actuation and Return
• Actuation: To switch position.
• Return : To switch back to initial condition.
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The way to actuate the Valves.

Lever
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The way to the actuated valve RETURN to normal position.
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Example of Directional Control Valve.
Flow Control Valves
Flow Control Valve
• Main purpose : to regulate speed.
• All FCVs control cylinder speed by
regulating the flow rate.
• Can be of:
– Fixed Orifice and Restrictor
– Adjustable Orifice and Adjustable Restrictor
– Pressure compensated and Non pressure
compensated valve.
– One-way flow control valve.
– Deceleration valve.
– Flow Dividers
– Proportional Flow control valves.
Fixed Orifice and Restrictor

• Fixed orifice : provided fixed /

constant flow control which is
NOT influenced by the fluid
viscosity.

• Fixed restrictor : provided

fixed / constant flow control
which is influenced by the fluid
viscosity.
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FLOW CONTROL VALVE : N eedle valve.

 Basic FCV is a needle valve.

 A needle valve control the flow
rate in the circuit.
 By controlling the flow rate, the
speed of the actuator can be
controlled.

 Controlling the flow rate is called metering the flow, in hydraulics.

 Variable Orifice and Restrictor
(Needle Valve)
• Variable orifice : provided flexible
flow control which is NOT
influenced by the fluid viscosity.
• Variable restrictor : provided
flexible flow control which is
influenced by the fluid viscosity.
Pressure and Non-pressure Compensated FCV

• Non-pressure compensated
FCV : useful when the load is
constant.
• Only suitable for a constant
system pressures
• If pressure changes, speed and
flow rate changes.
• Pressure compensated FCV :
useful for variable loading.
• Always maintain the flow rate
and the speed if pressure
changes.
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FLOW CONTROL VALVE : One way FCV

 A one way FCV is an integrated

needle valve with a check valve.
 A one way FCV give a controlled
flow direction from left to right (A)
and a free flow in reverse (B)
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC “Meter-In” : Controlling the Flow into the Actuator (In case of
extension only)

 The term “meter-in” or “metering in” means

that we are controlling the flow that goes INTO
the cylinder.
 The Figure show “meter-in” flow control during
extension only.
 The meter-in here is only for extension of the
cylinder.
 Remember that that is no metering / no flow
control is done on the retraction of the cylinder.
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC “Meter-In” : Controlling the Flow into the Actuator (In case of
retraction only)

 Remember that in this case, no

metering / no flow control is done
on the extension of the cylinder.
 The Figure show “meter-in” flow
control during retraction only.
 The meter-in here is only for
retraction of the cylinder.
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC “Meter-Out” : Controlling the Flow out from the Actuator (In case of extension only)

 The term “meter-out” or “metering-out” means

that we are controlling the flow that goes OUT
FROM the cylinder.
 The Figure show “meter-out” flow control
during extension only.
 The meter-out here is only for extension of the
cylinder.
 Remember that that is no metering / no flow
control is done on the retraction of the cylinder.
HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC “Meter-Out” : Controlling the Flow out from the Actuator (In case of retraction only)

 Remember that in this case, no

metering / no flow control is done
on the extension of the cylinder.
 The Figure show “meter-out” flow
control during retraction only.
 The meter-out here is only for
retraction of the cylinder.
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When to use Meter-In and Meter out ??

 It usually depends on the load.

 When we handle resistive load, we can use Meter In.
 Resistive load is the load that resist the oil flow.
 When we handle tractive load, we can use Meter Out.
 Tractive load is the load that follow the oil flow.

Resistive Load Tractive Load

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Consequence of Metering in and out.

 There is no consequence of using “meter in” flow control for resistive load.
 However, by using meter-out for tractive load can cause pressure intensification.
 This pressure intensification is ok if it within the operating pressure limit of the
actuator, if it is out of the operating pressure limit, the actuator can be
damaged/break /leak.
 REMEMBER!!!! The positioning of metering in or out is also differ with the
position of the load, whether towards upward, downwards or in horizontal
movement.

Pressure intensification.
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Meter-in flow control for both stroke extend and retract.
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Metering in for extension and metering out for retraction

 Why metering in when we extend

Cause the load act as a resistive load.
 Why metering out when we retract?
Cause the load act as a tractive load. As long as the actuator can bear the pressure
intensification.
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PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE

 The most widely used of PCV is

Pressure Relief Valve.
 A Pressure Relief Valve limit the
maximum pressure in hydraulic circuit by
giving alternate direction to the flow when
it reach certain pre-set pressure level.
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Pressure Relief Valve : The Application in the Circuit

 Pressure control valve practically is used in every hydraulic system.

 It is normally a closed valve whose function is to limit the pressure to a
specified maximum value by diverting oil from pump flow back to the tank.
 Refer to the circuit : When the motor is on and the control valve is un-
actuated, the fluid pressure in the pipe line will increase. At the maximum
pressure, the pressure relief valve will open and allow the fluid to return
back to the tank Without the pressure relief valve the pipe line may explode
or the pump damage.
 If the valve is actuated, the piston will extend. When the piston fully extend
the pressure will also increase and again the pressure relief valve will open.

Normal position

PCV
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PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE : Variation

Why do they
need external
drain?
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PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE
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PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

These are used to provide a constant pressure to part of a system that is lower than the
pressure in the rest of the system.

The design is very similar to the two stage pressure relief valve but the motion of the
piston is controlled by the outlet pressure, not the system pressure.

The high pressure oil leaks through the restrictor and lifts the poppet. The pressure is
set by adjusting the spring behind the poppet.

The oil passing through is wasted to drain. The pressure drop through the restrictor
produces a force imbalance on the spool and it moves to partially block port B and so
reduce the pressure at port B.

If the pressure on port B rises, the leakage through the restrictor increases and the
pressure drop increases so the spool moves further close port B.

If the pressure on port B drops, the leakage drops and the pressure difference drops so
the spool moves to open port B and let more oil through.
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PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

Pneumatic systems are low pressure systems and are supplied with air at a typical
pressure of 8 bar and this is reduced to supply the system typically at 3 bar.
The air is supplied to the system through a regulator which is a form of reducing
valve.
The pressure is reduced through the poppet valve (2). The valve is set by the spring
and adjuster (4).
Variations in the outlet pressure make the diaphragm (3) move up or down to open
and close the valve as required to keep the pressure constant.
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VALVE SYMBOLS
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VALVE SYMBOLS
END OF CHAPTER 4
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