“Nothing comes
in the mind
without passing
first the senses.”
The Senses
Somatosensory
Visual system
Auditory and vestibular
Olfactory
Gustatory
Senses
General Senses Special Senses
Somatic sense Smell
Visceral sense Taste
Sight
Hearing
Balance
Environmental Stimuli
Mechanical
Touch Vibration
Pressure Sound
Chemical
Taste Pain
Electromagnetic
Light
Receptors
Mechanical stimuli such as
Mechanoreceptors bending
Specialized neurons that
Chemoreceptors respond to chemical stimuli
Photoreceptors Respond to light
Respond to temperature
Thermoreceptors changes
Respond to stimuli that
Nociceptors result to sensation of pain
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors
Free nerve endings
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Meissner’s corpuscle
located deep to the epidermis
very specific in localizing tactile
sensation
present in the nonhairy parts of the
skin and are particularly abundant in
the fingertips, lips, and other areas
of the skin
Meissner’s corpuscle
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Merkel’s discs
superficial nerve endings involved in
detecting light touch and superficial
pressure
Merkel’s discs
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Ruffini’s end organ
located in the deeper layers of the
skin and also in still deeper internal
tissues
Ruffini’s end organ
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Pacinian corpuscles
deepest receptor that relay
information concerning deep
pressure, vibration and position
Pacinian corpuscles
Receptors of the General Senses
(Tactile Receptors)
Hair follicles receptor
involved in detecting light touch
Hair follicles receptor
Special Senses
Olfaction
Olfaction
Olfaction
Olfaction
Increases with sniffing
M
oi
stu
re
Odorant
Odo
rant
Depolari
zation
Rec
ept
or
Olfactory Olfactory Olfactory
nerves nerves nerves
Cranial Nerve I
Foramina of
the cribriform
palate
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract ↓ sensitivity
Cerebral cortex Feedback
Sense of Taste
TASTE/GUSTATORY
“Taste is 80%
smell.”
Papillae
Enlargement in the
surface of the tongue that
contains taste buds
Specialized
epithelial cells
Taste cells
5 Basic Types of Taste Sensation
evoked by sugar, glycols,
Sweet saccharin
evoked by hydrogen ions in a
Sour solution
elicited by alkaloids such as
Bitter quinine, nicotine, caffeine
elicited by anions of
Salty ionizable salts
elicited by the amino acids
Umami glutamate and aspartate
Areas of the
tongue to where
the tastes are
perceived
Gustatory Pathway
Taste Hair, Taste Cell
Cranial Nerves VII, IX, X
Brain stem
Thalamus
Cerebral cortex
Neuronal Pathways for Taste
Cranial
Taste Hair Taste Cell
Nerves
Gustatory
Thalamus Brainstem
Cortex
Sense of Vision
Eyes
Visual
System
Accessory Sensory
Structure Neurons
Accessory
Structures
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Allows eyes to follow a moving object and move
precisely
Six, straplike muscles that control the
movement of each eyeball which originate from
the bony orbit and insert into the outer surface
of the eyeball
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Name Action Cranial
Nerve
Lateral rectus Moves eye laterally VI
Medial rectus Moves eye medially III
Superior rectus Elevates eye and turns it medially III
Inferior rectus Depresses eye and turns it medially III
Inferior oblique Elevates eye and turns it laterally III
Superior oblique Depresses eye and turns it laterally IV
Eyebrows
Eyelids
Conjunctiva
Conjunctiva
Palpebral Bulbar
lines upper and lower loosely covers the
eyelids anterior sclera
Lacrimal Apparatus
Production of tears that is
The lacrimal fluid also
responsible for lubricating
contains the lysozymes
and cleansing the eyes
The Eye
The Eye
Fibrous Vascular Nervous
Ciliary
Sclera Cornea Choroid Iris Retina
body
Walls of the Eye
Fibrous Tunic
Protects the
internal structures
Sclera Helps maintain the
shape of the eye
Focusing area, capable
Cornea
of refraction
Sclera and Cornea
Walls of the Eye
Vascular Tunic
Consists of vascular network
and many melanin-containing
pigment cells
Choroid
Absorbs light preventing light to be
reflected inside the eye
Choroid
Walls of the Eye
Vascular Tunic
A contractile structure that
surrounds the pupil
Iris Controls the amount of light
that enters the eye
The colored part of the eye
Iris
Iris
Walls of the Eye
Vascular Tunic
Produces aqueous humor
Ciliary Contains smooth muscles called
Body ciliary muscles attached to the
perimeter of the lens by
suspensory ligaments
Ciliary Body
Muscles for Pupillary Reaction
Walls of the Eye
Nervous Tunic
Pigmented retina
Retina
Keeps light from reflecting in
the eye
Walls of the Eye
Nervous Tunic
Sensory Retina
Retina
Rods Cones
Rhodopsin
Opsin
Retinal
Ophthalmoscopic
View of the Retina
Chambers of the Eye
Anterior Posterior Vitreous
Chamber Chamber Chamber
Between the Located Located
cornea and posterior to posterior to
the lens the iris the lens
Chambers of the Eye
Fluids of the Eye
Aqueous Provides nutrition
Maintain pressure
Humor Refracts
to Light
the inner part of
within the eye
surface of the eye
Vitreous Holds
Maintains
the lens
the and
Refraction
Humor retina
pressure
in place
of the eye
Functions of the Complete Eye
Lens
Light
Cornea
Refraction
Humors
Functions of the Complete Eye
Focusing
of Images Accommodation
Functions of the Complete Eye
Depth Perception
Neuronal Pathways for Vision
Rods and Sensory Ganglion
Cones Retina Cells
Optic
Optic Disc Optic Nerve
foramen
Nasal Optic
Optic Tracts
Retina Chiasm
Temporal
Retina
Neuronal Pathways for Vision
Optic
Optic Tracts Thalamus
Radiationa
Superior Visual
Colliculi Cortex
Neuronal
Pathways for
Vision
Hearing and
Balance
The Ear
The Ear
External Ear
Auricle Fleshy part of the
external ear
External Passageway that
Acoustic Meatus leads to the eardrum
Ceruminous Produces cerumen, which
Glands protects the ear drum
Tympanic Capable of vibration
Membrane
Middle Ear
Malleus
Transmits
Auditory vibrations from
Ossicles Incus tympanic
membrane to the
oval window
Stapes
Middle Ear
Oval Window
Covered
Openings
Round Windows
Unblocked Auditory or
Openings Eustachian Tube
Inner Ear
Cochlea
Bony Vestibule
Labyrinth
Semicircular Canal
Filled with endolymph and
Membranous the space between the bony
Labyrinth and membranous labyrinth is
filled with perilymph
The Cochlea
Spiral Lamina
The Cochlea
Vestibular
Scala Vestibule
Membrane
The Cochlea
Basilar Membrane
The Cochlea
Scala
Cochlear
Tympani
Duct
The Cochlear Duct
Spiral Organs/Organ of Corti
The Cochlear Duct
Spiral Organs/Organ of Corti
The Process of Hearing
Neuronal Pathways for Hearing
Sensory Cochlear
Hair Cells
Neurons Nerve
Areas of Cochlear
Brainstem Nucleus
Auditory
Thalamus Midbrain
Cortex
Equilibrium
Sense of Equilibrium
Static Kinetic
Equilibrium Equilibrium
Semicircular
Vestibule
Canals
The Vestibule
Saccule
Utricle
The Vestibule
Maculae
Static Equilibrium
The Semicircular
Canal
Ampulla
Crista Ampullaris
Cupula
Kinetic
Equilibrium
