Presentation on
SALINITY PROBLEM IN
IRRIGATED
LAND
Presented By :- Avinash Sahu
CONTENTS
Introduction
Origin and Cause of Salt
Measurement of Salinity
Causes of Development of Salinity and Alkalinity
Effect on Plants and Soil
Literature Review
Management of salinity problem
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION
Irrigation water contains a mixture of naturally
occurring salts. Soils irrigated with this water
will contain a similar mix but usually at a higher
concentration than in the applied water. The
extent to which the salts accumulate in the soil
will depend upon the irrigation water quality,
irrigation management and the adequacy of
drainage. If salts become excessive, losses in
yield will result.
•ORIGIN AND CAUSES OF SALT
Where Does the Salt Come From?
Salt comes from the minerals of the earth's crust.
Weathering decomposes the minerals and releases the
salt in a soluble form.
Why Does Salt Accumulate in Soil?
Salt accumulates when water evaporates at the
surface, or is extracted by plant roots. Both processes
separate the salt from the water and the salt remains
behind.
Source : Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
•How salinity is measured-
Water and soil salinity are measured by passing an electric
current between the two electrodes of a salinity meter in a
sample of soil or water. The electrical conductivity or EC of a soil
or water sample is influenced by the concentration and
composition of dissolved salts. Salts increase the ability of a
solution to conduct an electrical current, so a high EC value
indicates a high salinity level.
•FACTORS AFFECTING SALINATION
•Method of Irrigation
Water is usually in plentiful supply when an irrigation project begins.
Consequently, too much water is applied. This excess water often
does more harm than good, because it tends to raise the water table
and thus increases drainage problems.
•Type of Drainage
Adequate drainage is important in maintaining a low salinity level. If
a field is not adequately drained, water may accumulate in the root
zone and saturate the soil. This hastens the rise of the water table.
When the water table rises to within 5 or 6 feet of the surface,
ground water and its salt move upward in to the root zone and to
the soil surface.
Cont…
•Other Conditions
Some fields accumulate salt because of their location, because
they are not leveled, or because the soil is impermeable. Like
Low valleys located close to streams or high points on the field
which receives sufficient water or the cement like formation
underlie the soil.
Source : https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=CAT87209914&content=PDF
•Types of salinity problem
Two types of salt problems exist which are very different: those
associated with the total salinity and those associated with sodium.
•Causes of development of salinity and alkalinity in soils
•Use of saline irrigation water
• Deposition of salts on soil surface from high sub soil water table
• Seepage from the canals
•Arid Climate
•Poor drainage
•Back water flow or intrusion of sea water in coastal areas
•EFFECT ON PLANTS AND SOILS
On Plants-
It prevents them from getting enough water, even though the
soil may be well watered. This results in stunted plants that
frequently have a characteristic blue-green color. If the salt is
evenly distributed in a field, all the plants will be stunted. Yields
may be reduced as much as 25 percent.
Literature Review – 1.Dave N. et. Al (2013) studied on Impact of
soil salinity and erosion in India and his finding and recommendations are
The findings of his study The recommendations
Use of poor quality water for To improve the existing
irrigation is one of the capabilities of forecasting of short
reasons behind major continuous and long term Drought.
escalation the salinity Agricultural areas coming under
in soil arid and semi regions
problems. soil salinity and land arid more erosion
are
degradation decrease food degradation
prone to problemsand therefore
Escalating and supply.
may
production more emphasis should be given to
increase It food will these areas.
increase countries
inflationdependence on More and more projects
food imports. and with groundwater development
related
Lack of any sustainable agricultural such as harvesting,
development plan and mitigation rainwater
watershed management,
and adaptation strategy for formation of artificial recharge
tackling the soil salinity and facilities with Waste water
erosion problem at national level. rainwater should be implemented.
and
Cont….
2) Abrahim S. et. Al (2013) Monitor and Predict Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Alkalinity in Sudan,
Using Soil Techniques, Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis his study area was in Sudan near Nile
river.
Methodology Results Conclusion and
•Four false color composite •Soil analysis shows recommendation
(FCC)
the subsets images some areas are sodic which •Sub soiling or ripping to a
covering the study area (300 is calculated by SAR. depth of 30 to 45 cm or more
Acers). •Field and should be the practice to
•Field work is done by using work survey break the compaction and to
GPS satellite for texture and revealed that soil improve the infiltration rates
different soil properties. degradation is due
mismanagement. of the soil of the study area.
•Soil samples were collected •pH of that area to is found •The reclamation of the
from three different depths between 6.5-8.5 means soil slightly saline and/or sodic
(0-60cm).The soil samples is slightly alkaline. soils through the application
were analyzed in lab and the of organic manure for
following properties were the
improvement physical,
determined: of chemical and biological
pH, EC, Soluble Ca & Mg, Na properties.
,SAR
Management of salinity problems
By proper Drainage
By Leaching
Bioremediation
Cultural and Irrigation Practices –
Land Smoothening
Timing of Irrigation
Placement of Seed
Fertilizers
Bio drainage
•Leaching requirement (LR)
LR can be calculated using relation
For surface irrigation methods (including sprinklers)
For drip and high frequency sprinkler
Where: LR = the minimum leaching requirement needed to control salts
within the tolerance (ECe) of the crop with ordinary surface methods of
irrigation
ECw = salinity of the applied irrigation water in
ECe = average soil salinity tolerated by the crop as measured on
a soil saturation extract.
•Conclusion
Many states in India are facing problems of salinity and thus being
an agrarian country it becomes essential to adopt various measures
so that the farmers may get the proper yield of their input. The soil
in areas of Madhya Pradesh have alkalinity problem and thus
measures like adding suitable admixture to convert the property of
soil and adopting cultural practices to control salinity problem .
•References
•Ayres, R.S. and D.W. Westcot.1976. Water Quality for Agriculture.
Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.
•Central soil salinity research institute
http://www.cssri.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=articl
e&id=122&Itemid=126
•Fipps Guy “Irrigation Water Quality Standards and Salinity
Management”, Department of Agricultural Engineering, The Texas
A&M System, College Station, Texas.
• Jeet , JC, Singh.G ,Lal.K, Tanwar VS, Shoeran SS,
Kaledhonkar
Dagar MJ, SR Dar and Kumar M. 2008“Biodrainage eco-
friendly technique for combating waterlogging & salinity”
Technical Bulletin: CSSRI/ Karnal/9. Central soil salinity research
institute, Karnal (India)
•Michael A. M. 2008.“ Irrigation Theory and Practice” Second
edition,Vikas publication house
•Rolando C. and Francisca R. 2013 “Biodegradation of
Hazardous and Special Products” Moqsud M.A., Omine .K
“Bioremediation of Agricultural Land Damaged by Tsunami” CH-
3 Publisher: InTech
•Stephan R Gratton 2002 “Irrigation water salinity and crop
production” University of california publication 8066
Thank You
