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Chapter 1 - Complex Number

The complex number system was invented to allow all quadratic equations to have solutions. A complex number is an expression of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i2 = -1. Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using their real and imaginary parts. Every negative number has two square roots in the complex number system of the form ±i√-r. The quadratic formula can be used to find the complex solutions to quadratic equations.

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187 views42 pages

Chapter 1 - Complex Number

The complex number system was invented to allow all quadratic equations to have solutions. A complex number is an expression of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i2 = -1. Complex numbers can be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided using their real and imaginary parts. Every negative number has two square roots in the complex number system of the form ±i√-r. The quadratic formula can be used to find the complex solutions to quadratic equations.

Uploaded by

Syahmi Shamshul
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COMPLEX NUMBER

If a quadratic equation is negative, the


equation has no real solution.

For example, the equation

x2 + 9 = 0

has no real solution.


• If we try to solve this equation, we get:
•
x2 = –9
• So,

• However, this is impossible—since the square


of any real number is positive.
• For example, (–3)2 = 9, a positive number.
• Thus, negative numbers don’t have real
square roots.
• To make it possible to solve all quadratic
equations, mathematicians invented
an expanded number system—called
the complex number system.
• First, they defined the new number

• This means i 2 = –1.

• A complex number is then a number


of the form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers.
• A complex number is an expression
of the form

a + bi

• where:
• a and b are real numbers.
• i 2 = –1.
• The real part of this complex number is a.

• The imaginary part is b.

• Two complex numbers are equal if and only if


their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts
are equal.

• Note that both the real and imaginary parts of a


complex number are real numbers.
• Here are examples of complex numbers.

• 3 + 4iReal part 3, imaginary part 4


• 1/2 – 2/3i Real part 1/2, imaginary part –2/3
• 6i Real part 0, imaginary part 6
• –7 Real part –7, imaginary part 0
• A number such as 6i, which has
real part 0, is called:

• A pure imaginary number.

A real number like –7 can be thought of as:

• A complex number with imaginary part 0.


• In the complex number system, every
quadratic equation has solutions.

• The numbers 2i and –2i are solutions of


x2 = –4 because:

(2i)2 = 22i2 = 4(–1) = –4


and
(–2i)2 = (–2)2i2 = 4(–1) = –4
• Though we use the term imaginary here, imaginary numbers
should not be thought of as any less “real”—in the ordinary
rather than the mathematical sense of that word—than
negative numbers or irrational numbers.

• All numbers (except possibly the positive integers) are creations of the
human mind—the numbers –1 and as well as the number i.

We study complex numbers as they complete—in a useful and


elegant fashion—our study of the solutions of equations.

• In fact, imaginary numbers are useful not only in algebra and


mathematics, but in the other sciences too.
• To give just one example, in electrical theory,
the reactance of a circuit is a quantity whose measure is an imaginary
number.
Arithmetic Operations
on Complex Numbers
• Complex numbers are added, subtracted,
multiplied, and divided just as we would any
number of the form a + b c .

• The only difference we need to keep in mind


is that i2 = –1.
Subtracting Complex Numbers

• (a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i

• To subtract complex numbers, subtract


the real parts and the imaginary parts.
Multiplying Complex Numbers

• (a + bi) . (c + di) = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i

• Multiply complex numbers like binomials,


using i 2 = –1.
• Express the following in the form a + bi.

(a) (3 + 5i) + (4 – 2i)


(b) (3 + 5i) – (4 – 2i)
(c) (3 + 5i)(4 – 2i)
(d) i 23
• According to the definition, we add the real
parts and we add the imaginary parts.

(a)(3 + 5i) + (4 – 2i)


= (3 + 4) + (5 – 2)i
= 7 + 3i

(b) (3 + 5i) – (4 – 2i)


= (3 – 4) + [5 – (– 2)]i
= –1 + 7i
• (c) (3 + 5i)(4 – 2i)
= [3 . 4 – 5(– 2)] + [3(–2) + 5 . 4]i
= 22 + 14i

(d) i 23 = i 22 + 1 = (i 2)11i
= (–1)11i
= (–1)i
= –i
Dividing Complex Numbers

• Division of complex numbers is much like


rationalizing the denominator of a radical
expression—which we considered in Section
P.8.
• For the complex number z = a + bi,
we define its complex conjugate
to be:
z  a  bi
• Note that:

z  z   a  bi   a  bi   a  b2 2

• So, the product of a complex number and its


conjugate is always a nonnegative real number.

• We use this property to divide complex numbers.


• To simplify the quotient
a  bi
c  di
•

multiply the numerator and the denominator by the


complex conjugate of the denominator:

a  bi  a  bi  c  di 
  
c  di  c  di  c  di 
 ac  bd    bc  ad  i

c d
2 2
• Rather than memorize this entire formula,
it’s easier to just remember the first step
and then multiply out the numerator and
the denominator as usual.
• Express the following in the form a + bi.

3  5i
 a
1  2i

7  3i
 b
4i

• We multiply both the numerator and denominator by the


complex conjugate of the denominator to make the new
denominator a real number.
• The complex conjugate of 1 – 2i is:

1  2i  1  2i

3  5i  3  5i  1  2i 
  
1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 
7  11i 7 11
   i
5 5 5
• The complex conjugate of 4i is –4i.

7  3 i  7  3 i   4 i 
  
4i  4i   4i 
12  28i 3 7
   i
16 4 4
Square Roots of
Negative Numbers
• Just as every positive real number r has two
square roots  r and, every
 r  negative number
has two square roots as well.

• If -r is a negative number, then its square roots are


, because:

and i r
 
2
i r  i 2 r  r

 
2
i r  i 2 r  r
Square Roots of Negative Numbers

• If –r is negative, then the principal square


root of –r is:

r  i r
• The two square roots of –r are: i r and  i r

• We usually write i binstead of bi


to avoid confusion with .
bi
E.g. 4—Square Roots of Negative Numbers
•
 a  1  i 1  i

 b  16  i 16  4i

 c  3  i 3
• Special care must be taken when performing
calculations involving square roots of
negative numbers.

• Although when a and b


 bis notab
are positive,athis true when both
are negative.
• For example,

2  3  i 2  i 3  i 2
6 6
• However,

• Thus,  2   3   6


2  3   2   3 
• When multiplying radicals of negative
numbers, expressi them
r first in the form
(where r > 0)

to avoid possible errors of this type.


• Evaluate  12  3   3  4 
and express in the form a + bi.

 
12  3 3  4 
  12  i 3   3  i 4 

  2 3  i 3   3  2i 

  6 3  2 3  i  22 3 3 3

8 3 i 3
Complex Solutions of
Quadratic Equations
• We have already seen that, if a ≠ 0,
then the solutions of the quadratic
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
are:

b  b 2  4ac
x
2a
• If b2 – 4ac < 0, the equation has no real solution.

• However, in the complex number system,


the equation will always have solutions.

• This is because negative numbers have


square roots in this expanded setting.
 Solve each equation.

(a) x2 + 9 = 0

(b) x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
• The equation x2 + 9 = 0 means x2 = –9.

• So,
x   9   i 9   3 i

• The solutions are therefore 3i and –3i.


• By the quadratic formula, we have:

4  4  4  5 4  4
2
x 
2 2
4  2i

2
2  2  i 
  2  i
2

• So, the solutions are


–2 + i and –2 – i.
• Show that the solutions of the equation

4x2 – 24x + 37 = 0

are complex conjugates of each other.


• We use the quadratic formula to get:

24   24   4  4   37 
2

x
2  4
24  16 24  4i 1
  3 i
8 8 2

• So, the solutions are 3 + ½i and 3 – ½i.


• These are complex conjugates.

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