Moisture Induced Damage in Emulsified Mixes

Under the Guidance of By

Dr . Vishnu R Ch. Maneesh
Assistant Professor Roll No: 191708
Transportation Department M.Tech (TE)
NIT Warangal
Introduction:

• One of the important factors for maximizing pavement service life and minimizing
pavement maintenance cost is the selection of a base with sufficient material resistance
to damage under traffic loads and environmental conditions.
• Moisture susceptibility is a major catalyst for pavement damage, which plays a key
role in the performance of the pavement.
• Water in the pavement structure usually causes a decrease in the strength and stiffness
of most engineering materials.
• Soils and aggregates that are at or near saturation develop excess pore water pressure
under traffic loading, thereby reducing their shear strength and shortening the service
life of well designed and well-constructed pavements.
• Moisture damage can increase the life cycle cost of pavements significantly owing to
the resultant high maintenance costs.
Bitumen Emulsions:
• Asphalt emulsion is considered to be an oil-in-water emulsion, means it consists of asphalt
particles that are suspended in water through the use of an emulsifier.
• Emulsifiers create charges on the surfaces of the asphalt particles that cause them to repel
one another, thereby stabilizing the particles within the emulsion.
• Asphalt emulsions typically contain 25% to 60% water, 40% to 75% bitumen, and 0.1% to
2.5% emulsifier.
• Bitumen emulsions are one of the alternatives for stabilizing base layers.
• Use of Bitumen emulsion treated mixtures can be cost effective especially in cold regions
where supplying hot mix is not economical. Bitumen Emulsion

Water Bitumen Emulsifier

Moisture damage

The progressive functional deterioration of a pavement mixture by loss of the adhesive

bond between the asphalt cement and the aggregate surface and/or loss of the cohesive
resistance within the asphalt cement principally from the action of water.

Moisture damage mechanisms in HMA

Moisture Transport Response of the system

Infiltration of surface water Detachment/debonding

Displacement
capillary rise of subsurface water
Dispersion of the mastic
permeation or diffusion of water vapor
Film rupture/microcracks

Desorption of the mastic

Mix Designs
• Asphalt Academy-TG2 guidelines
• Asphalt Institute-Manual Series-19
• IRC: 37-2012
 Literature Review

S. No TITLE AUTHOR FINDINGS

1 Laboratory Performance of Asphalt Bahador Barbod, • Maximum dry densities of Emulsified mixes are less
Emulsion Treated Base for Cold Ahmed Shalaby compared with Virgin aggregate due to immediate effect
Regions Applications of Emulsion.
• The resilient modulus trend of treated aggregates
increased over the untreated aggregates.
• Mr values increases by increasing curing temperature
from 5℃ to 24℃ accelerates water evaporation and
asphalt droplets breaking which increases cohesion and
friction angle of the mixture.

2 Early-Age Structural Properties of Tyler Quick and W. • The PFWD modulus values were consistently low during
Base Material Treated with Asphalt Spencer Guthrie the first 2 weeks, increased dramatically by 4 months, and
Emulsion then decreased considerably by 1 year.
• Trafficking of materials similar to those investigated in this
research is not recommended during at least the first 2
weeks after construction.
 S. No TITLE AUTHOR FINDINGS
3. Comparison of AASHTO T283 and Venkaiah Chowdary, Utsav 1.Within the MIST conditioning process, the tensile strength
Moisture Induced Sensitivity Tester Vishal, Arunkumar Goli ratio and retained Marshall stability decreased with increase of
Conditioning Process on the Moisture both temperature and pressure.
Resistance of Bituminous Concrete 2. Irrespective of the pressures, MIST conditioning at a
Mixture temperature of 40℃ and AASHTO T283 conditioning resulted
in similar Marshall stability and retained Marshall stability
values.
3. The moisture damage evaluated in terms of tensile strength
ratio obtained through AASHTO T283 conditioning process
closely matches with the moisture damage observed in MIST
conditioning process at 60℃ temperature, 276 kPa pressure,
and 3500 conditioning cycles.

4. Laboratory evaluation of resistance to Ahmed Ebrahim Abu El- 1. Samples conditioned in sea water has lower Marshall
moisture damage in asphalt mixtures Maaty Behiry stability, lower flow, lower Marshall quotient MQ, lower
Mr, lower stripping resistance ITS, lower lateral
displacement, TSR and lower RMS.
2. Both lime and cement could increase Marshall stability,
resilient modulus, tensile strength and resistance to
moisture damage of mixtures especially at higher
condition periods. Use of hydrated lime had better results
than Portland cement.
S. No TITLE AUTHOR FINDINGS

5. Effect of Portland cement and lime Y. Niazi, M. Jalili 1. The use of Portland cement, HLS and HL resulted
additives on properties of cold in- in a reduction in rut depth of 40%, 30% and 26%
place recycled mixtures with as compared to samples without additives,
asphalt emulsion respectively
2. Addition of Portland cement and lime increase
the Marshall stability, bulk specific gravity,
resilient modulus and tensile strength and
reduces void content and flow of the recycled
mixtures.

6. Investigation of cold-in-place C. Kishore Kumar , D. S. 1. The ITS value corresponding to 28-day curing at
recycled mixes in India N. V. Amar kumar , M. room temperature is similar to the ITS value
Amaranatha reddy & K. obtained for nearly 48 h of oven curing at 60℃
Sudhakar Reddy for mixes with and without cement.
S. No TITLE AUTHOR FINDINGS

7. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) moisture Uma Maheswar Arepalli, 1. samples with a higher loss of asphalt
susceptibility analysis: material Nivedya Madankara Kotta, binder compared to other samples in the
loss to mechanical properties Paul Mathisen, investigation during conditioning may
Veeraragavan Amirthaling, exhibit higher tensile strengths, and those
Rajib B. Mallick with a loss of finer materials, which is
indicative of aggregate breakdown, show a
lower tensile strength

8. Early Stage Curing Characteristics J. Keith Davidson, Trevor 1. The mixtures manufactured using asphalt
of Partial Depth Cold Recycling Moore, Anton S. emulsions gave much lower raveling values
Kucharek, Michael Esenwa and had a much tighter texture than the
mixtures made with foamed asphalt.
2. The additives tend to speed up the curing
of the emulsion mix and allow the mix to
develop improved cohesion and thus resist
the abrasive forces of the rubber hose.
Summary

• CIR mixtures without additives are very susceptible to moisture.

• Portland cement and lime can improve resistance to moisture damage of CIR mixtures.
Since they are effective adhesive agents for emulsion mixtures.
• Curing process can be affected by weather conditions, for example high humidity and low
temperature would deter curing.
• AASHTO T283 protocol do not take into account the combined effects of the pore
pressure and temperature on the moisture resistance of bituminous mixtures.
• The MIST conditioning simulates the moisture induced damage in the field by subjecting
samples to cycles of pressurized water.
OBJECTIVES:
• To evaluate the mechanism of moisture damage in emulsified bases.
• To evaluate the appropriateness of cold mix technology as binder course in HVR.
• Parametric analysis of factors effecting moisture damage of emulsified bases.
(active filler type, pH of water, degree of saturation)
 REFERENCES:

• Shalaby, A., Eng, P., & Session, M. E. P. D. (2014). Laboratory Performance of Asphalt Emulsion Treated
Base for Cold Regions Applications. In Transportation 2014: Past, Present, Future-2014 Conference and
Exhibition of the Transportation Association of Canada//Transport 2014: Du passé vers l'avenir-2014
Congrès et Exposition de'Association des transports du Canada.
• Quick, T., & Guthrie, W. S. (2011). Early-age structural properties of base material treated with asphalt
emulsion. Transportation research record, 2253(1), 40-50.
• Caro, S., Masad, E., Bhasin, A., & Little, D. N. (2008). Moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures, Part 1:
mechanisms. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 9(2), 81-98.
• Vishal, U., Goli, A., & Chowdary, V. Comparison of AASHTO T283 and Moisture Induced Sensitivity
Tester Conditioning Process on the Moisture Resistance of Bituminous Concrete Mixtures.
• Behiry, A. E. A. E. M. (2013). Laboratory evaluation of resistance to moisture damage in asphalt
mixtures. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 4(3), 351-363.
• Niazi, Y., & Jalili, M. (2009). Effect of Portland cement and lime additives on properties of cold in-
place recycled mixtures with asphalt emulsion. Construction and Building Materials, 23(3), 1338-
1343.
• Kishore Kumar, C., Amar Kumar, D. S. N. V., Amaranatha reddy, M., & Sudhakar Reddy, K. (2008).
Investigation of cold-in-place recycled mixes in India. International Journal of Pavement
Engineering, 9(4), 265-274.
• Polzan, P. E. (1989). Moisture Susceptibility Behavior of Asphalt Concrete and Emulsified Asphalt
Mixtures Using the Freeze-Thaw Pedestal Test. Transportation Research Record, (1228).
• Moore, T., DAVIDSON, J., KUCHAREK, A., & Esenwa, M. (2011, November). Early Stage Curing
Characteristics of Partial Depth Cold Recycling. In The Fifty-sixth Annual Conference of the
Canadian Technical Asphalt AssociationCanadian Technical Asphalt Association.
• Arepalli, U. M., Kottayi, N. M., & Mallick, R. B. (2019). Moisture susceptibility evaluation of Hot
Mix Asphalt: combined effect of traffic and moisture. International Journal of Pavement Research
and Technology, 12(2), 206-214.