FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
SUBMITTED
SUBMITTED BY-
BY-
MOHD USAMA
MOHD USAMA
BRANCH –Mechanical Engineering
Roll number – 1805240028
*INTRODUCTION
*FLUE GAS COMPONENTS
*FLUE GAS ANALYSIS METHODS
*CONCLUSION
*REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
• Exhaust gas generated through combustion processes is called flue gas or stack gas.
• Its composition depends on the type of fuel and the combustion conditions e.g. the
air ratio value.
• The common fuels consist primarily of carbon and hydrogen with their compounds
and the flue gases resulting from combustion contain oxides of these elements and
those of the impurities together with any excess air and under some conditions,
evolved from the heated material.
• Many flue gas components are air pollutants and must therefore, due to
governmental regulations be eliminated or minimized by special cleaning procedures
before the gas is released to the atmosphere.
• The exhaust gas in its original status is called raw gas, after cleaning it is called clean
gas
• An analysis of the flue gases gives evidence of efficiency of combustion and is a prime
factor in controlling the operation for maximum results and in arriving at
improvements in design
COMPONENTS OF FLUE GASES
FLUE GAS ANALYSIS
- CHEMICAL METHODS
- INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
-TRACE COMPONENT
ANALYSIS
CHEMICAL METHODS -Basically an ORSAT type apparatus consists
of an accurately calibrated measuring
tube(burette) attached by means of a glass
manifold to a succession of absorbing tubes
or scrubbers known as pipettes.
- In doing an analysis, the sample volume is
measured in the burette before and after
absorption. The difference in the two
readings is taken as value of component
absorbed.
- In some instruments, 1% of sulphuric acid
is mixed with water to decrease the
solubility of CO and O. However in ORSAT, a
nearly saturated acid solution of sodium
chloride may be used. It is coloured with a
very small amount of methyl orange also
acts as an indication that the solution is
ORSAT TYPE always acid
FYRITE tester is one such
device for testing carbon
dioxide. Caustic potash
solution is used to absorb
carbon dioxide and this
results in a slight Vaccum
which can be measured
with a gauge
FYRITE TESTER
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD
GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY:
• Gas liquid chromatography is a comparatively new
technique with a wide field of applications. It consists of
the separation of the constituents of a flue gas by
absorption on a packed column from a moving stream of
carrier gas.
• The length of time each constituent gas is retained on a
specific column is constant under given conditions. It is
known as the retention time and it depends upon the
temperature, flow rate of the carrier gas, size of column
and the molecular structure of the gas
MASS SPECTROSCOPY:
• Mass spectroscopy is primarily a lab technique requiring
more expensive equipment than gas chromatography.
• In this procedure the molecular species making up a
gaseous mixture are ionized and dissociated by electron
bombardment, the resulting positive ions of different
masses are then accelerated in an electric field and
separated magnetically.
• A spectrogram is obtained showing the mass of each
constituent and this is compared to a similar
spectrograph for a known mixture.
• Instrumentation for mass spectroscopy is considerably
expensive
TRACE COMPONENT ANALYSIS
CONCLUSION
-Since flue gases consist of the end products of a combustion process, their
composition is of interest and important from the view point of : safety ,efficiency
and computation of specific values which might affect the continuity of a process.
-In combustion process the common personnel hazard is carbon monoxide which
can result from incomplete combustion. An operational hazard can be the
formation of an explosive mixture. This hazard can be present wherever
combustible gases or vapours are in contact with a substance which will support
combustion and the properties are in the explosive range. Flue gas analysis can be
used to detect and to confirm and locate suspected condition of this nature.
-The use of flue gas analysis to promote efficiency are varied and many. Efficiency
and economy do not necessarily imply the complete oxidation in the least amount
of oxygen or air. It is the reason by which the goals for good utilization can be
reached
-For gas appliances to operate safely without liberating injurious quantities of
toxic gases and to operate near optimum efficiency
REFERENCES
• Flue gas analysis , Wikipedia
• The Chemistry and Technology of Coal , by
James G. Speight
NUMERICAL ON ORSAT ANALYSIS:
A hydrocarbon is burnt with excess air. The ORSAT analysis of the flue gas shows 10.81%
CO2, 3.78% O2 and 85.40 N2. Calculate the atomic ratio of C:H in the hydrocarbon and the
% excess air
100 moles of dry flue gas
The ORSAT analysis shows the compositions of the flue gases by not taking into account of H 2O.
From the composition of air(mole %),
Here, nitrogen is the tie component.
79 mole of N2 + 21 mole of O2
Therefore, O2 that is entering the burner = 85.4 x 21/79 = 22.7
C + O2 - CO2
1 mole of CO2 h 1 mole of O2 h 1 atom of C ( i.e.,1 mole of O2 reacts with 1 atom of C to produce 1 mole of CO2)
Therefore, O2 used up for reacting with carbon = 10.81 mole and,
Carbon in the hydrocarbon = 10.81 atoms
O2 reacted with Hydrogen in the hydrocarbon = 22.7 - (10.81 + 3.78) = 8.11
4H + O2 - 2H2O
1 mole of O2 reacts with 4 atoms of hydrogen.
Therefore, hydrogen in the hydrocarbon = 8.11 x 4 = 32.44 atoms.
C:H ratio in the hydrocarbon = 1 : 32.44/10.81 = 1 : 3
Theoretical air demand = air needed for complete conversion of carbon to carbon dioxide and hydrogen to water vapor
% excess air = 100 x (actual air used - theoretical air demand) / theoretical air demand
= 100 x (22.7 - (10.81 + 8.11))/( 10.81 + 8.11) = 20%
