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Preparing Basic 2D Engineering

Drawing is a graphic representation of an object used for communication. There are two main types of drawings: artistic drawings and technical drawings. Technical drawings use principles of projection to represent objects in 2D views and convey 3D information using different line types like object lines, hidden lines, and section lines. Engineering fits describe tolerances between mating parts in assemblies.

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Melku Abebe
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44 views

Preparing Basic 2D Engineering

Drawing is a graphic representation of an object used for communication. There are two main types of drawings: artistic drawings and technical drawings. Technical drawings use principles of projection to represent objects in 2D views and convey 3D information using different line types like object lines, hidden lines, and section lines. Engineering fits describe tolerances between mating parts in assemblies.

Uploaded by

Melku Abebe
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Preparing Basic 2D Engineering

Drawing Using CAD

Pr by Melku A.
Drawing is a graphic representation of an object,
or a part of it, and is the result of creative
thought by an engineer or technician. When one
person sketches a rough map in giving direction
to another, this is graphic communication.
Graphic communication involves using visual
materials to relate ideas. Drawings,
photographs, slides, transparencies, and
sketches are all forms of graphic communication.
 Artistic Drawings

Artistic Drawings range in scope from the simplest


line drawing to the most famous paintings.

 Technical Drawings

The technical drawing, on the other hand, is not


subtle, or abstract.
preparation of drawing
Types of Technical Drawings Technical
drawings are based on the fundamental
principles of projections. A projection is a
drawing or representation of an entity on an
imaginary plane or planes.
ISO Tolerances and fits

 inaccuracies of machines and tools,


 inaccuracies in setting the work to the tool,
and
 Error in measurement, etc.
Limits
The two extreme permissible sizes between
which the actual size is contained are called
limits. The maximum size is called the upper
limit and the minimum size is called the
lower limit.
Deviation
It is the algebraic difference between a size
(actual, maximum, etc.) and the
corresponding basic size.
Actual deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the
actual size and the corresponding basic
size.
Upper deviation

It is the algebraic difference between the


maximum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic size.
Lower deviation
It is the algebraic difference between the
minimum limit of the size and the
corresponding basic
Allowance
It is the dimensional difference between the
maximum material limits of the mating parts,
intentionally provided to obtain the desired class of
fit. If the allowance is positive, it will result in
minimum clearance between the mating parts and if
the allowance is negative, it will result in maximum
interference.
Engineering fits 
are generally used as part of 
geometric dimensioning and tolerance when a part or
assembly is designed. In engineering terms, the "fit" is
the clearance between two mating parts, and the size
of this clearance determines whether the parts can
move independently from each other, or are then
temporarily or even permanently joined. Engineering
fits are generally described as a "shaft and hole" but
are not limited to just round components. 
No Designation Illustration symbol

1 Butt weld between plates with


raised edges (the raised edges
being melted down completely)

2 Square butt weld

3 Single-V butt weld

4 Single-bevel butt weld

5 Single-V butt weld with broad root


face

6 Single-bevel butt weld with broad


root face

7 Single-U butt weld (parallel or


sloping sides)

8 Single-U butt weld

9 Backing run; back or backing weld

10 Fillet weld

11 Plug weld; plug or slot weld

12 Spot weld

13 Seam weld
Orthographic view
Any object has three dimensions, length, width and
thickness. A projection is defined as a representation
of an object on a two dimensional plane. The
projections of an object should convey all the three
dimensions, along with other details of the object on a
sheet of paper. The elements to be considered while
obtaining a projection are :
 The object

 The plane of projection

 The point of sight

 The rays of sight


A projection may be obtained by viewing the object from the point
of sight and tracing in correct sequence, the points of intersection
between the rays of sight and the plane on to which the object is
projected. A projection is called orthographic projection when the
point of sight is imagined to be located at infinity so that the rays
of sight are parallel to each other and intersect the plane of
projection at right angle to it. The principles of orthographic
projection may be followed in four different angles or systems,
viz., first, second, third and fourth angle projections.
Presentation of view
The different views of an object are placed on a
drawing sheet which is a two dimensional one, to
reveal all the three dimensions of the object. For this,
the horizontal and profile planes are rotated till they
coincide with the vertical plane. Figure 3 shows the
relative positions of the views, viz., the view from the
front, above and the left of an object.
Types of Lines in Orthographic
Projections
1 Construction lines Basic faint lines which are drawn to provide a framework for the
completion of the projection.

2 Dimension Lines display precise information about the size of the object.

3 Object Lines – represent visible features for an object. They are the darkest and
most present .
4 Hidden Lines – represent features that cannot be seen in the current view. They are
as dark as the object lines.

5 Center lines – represent symmetry and mark the center of circles, the axes of
cylinders, and the axes of symmetrical parts, such as bolts.

6 Section Lines are used to represent where the object is to be “cut” or sectioned to
reveal interior details. This is used when other views may not adequately reveal
information about the object.

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