INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS
&
PROBABILITY
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
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A subject under the SHS program by DEPED
and Private Schools under the ABM and the
other SHS strands.
It is a prerequisite for finishing researches.
WHAT
Learn IS STATISTICS
about It! AND PROBABILITY?
Probability and Statistics are two closely related
field in Mathematics, sometimes combined for
academic purposes.
Probability deals with predicting the likelihood of
future events, while statistics involves the analysis of
the frequency of the past events.
WHAT
Learn IS STATISTICS
about It! AND PROBABILITY?
To put it simply,
PROBABILITY refers to chance and possibilities.
While,
STATISTICS refers to data.
STATISTICS
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Often used in decision making process.
It is a science that involves collecting,
organizing, analyzing, summarizing and
interpreting data.
Do these questions require a statistical
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tool?
1. How many Filipinos watching KMJS during
Sundays?
2. How much is Ben’s baon everyday ?
3. Do Filipinos prefer Tiktok than Facebook ?
LESSON 1
RANDOM VARIABLES
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Random Experiment
1 an experiment that can be repeated numerous times under the same conditions.
Its result must be independent of one another.
Example:
Tossing a coin is a random experiment.
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Outcome
2 the result of a random experiment
Example:
A possible outcome of tossing a coin is a head or a tail.
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Sample Space
3 The set of possible outcomes of a random experiment; denoted by a capital
letter, usually
Also the domain of a random variable
Example:
The sample space of tossing a coin is .
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Random Variable
4 a function that associates a numerical value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually .
A variable whose possible values are determined by chance .
Example:
Say that represents the number of heads that appear in
tossing a coin. The possible values of the random variable
are 0 and 1.
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Example 1: Let be a random variable that denotes the result
of rolling a die. What are the possible values of ?
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Example 1: Let be a random variable that denotes the result
of rolling a die. What are the possible values of ?
Solution:
The sample space of rolling a die is .
Thus, the possible values of are , , , , , and .
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
1. List the possible outcomes of the experiment.
This can be done using a table or tree diagram. Let
represent heads and represent tails.
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
From the given table, the possible outcomes are:
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome.
Possible Outcomes Number of Tails
HHH 0
HHT 1
HTH 1
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
Possible Outcomes Number of Tails
THH 1
THT 2
TTH 2
TTT 3
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Example 2: A coin is flipped three times. If represents the
number of tails of the outcome, what are the possible values
of ?
Solution:
Based on the table, the number of tails can be 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Thus, the possible values of are and
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Example 3: You rolled 2 dice. If represents the number of
getting a sum of the numbers facing up of the outcome, what
are the possible values of ?
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Example 4: There are 10 students who took an examination.
If denotes the number of students who passed the
examination, what are the possible values of ?
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Example 5: A mother will give birth to a twin. If denotes the
number of boys, what are the possible values of ?
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Determine the possible values of the
RANDOM VARIABLES in the given
word problems.
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1. There are 10 students in a computer shop.
If denotes the number of males, what are the
possible values of ?
ANSWER:
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2. A cinema can accommodate 200 customers.
Let denote the number of female
customers in the cinema. What are the
possible values of ?
ANSWER:
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3. A researcher is conducting a survey about
the cellphones used by 50 employees. If
represents the number of users of Oppo
Brand, what are the possible values of ?
ANSWER:
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4. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. The
outcome of the first coin is HEAD. Let be a
random variable that denotes the number of
heads that appear. What are the possible
values of ?
ANSWER:
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5. A family has three children. Let represents
the number of males, what are the possible
values of ?
ANSWER:
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Lesson 2
Discrete and Continuous
Random Variables
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Discrete Random Variable
1
Can take a finite (countable) or an infinite number of
distinct values.
The values are exact and can be represented by non-
negative whole numbers.
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Examples of Discrete Random Variables
1. The number of students randomly selected to be
interviewed by a researcher.
2. The number of left-handed teachers randomly selected in a
faculty room.
3. The number of defective light bulbs randomly selected light
bulbs.
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Continuous Random Variable
2
A random variable that can assume an infinite
number of values in an interval between two
specific values.
That can take decimal or fractional values
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Examples of Continuous Random Variables
1. The weights in kilograms of randomly selected students.
2. The length in cm of randomly selected shoes of senior high
students.
3. The hourly temperatures last Saturday.
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Example 1: A random variable has the following value: , , , ,
or . Is the random variable discrete or continuous?
ANSWER:
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Example 2: Determine whether the recorded body
temperature of a patient in a hospital is a discrete or
continuous random variable.
ANSWER:
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Example 3: Let
ANSWER:
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Example 4: Let number of points scored in the last
season by a randomly selected NBA basketball player.
ANSWER:
Key Points
Random Experiment
1 an experiment that can be repeated numerous times under the same conditions.
Its result must be independent of one another.
Outcome
2 the result of a random experiment
Sample Space
3 The set of possible outcomes of a random experiment; denoted by a capital letter,
usually
Key Points
Random Variable
4 a function that associates a numerical value to every outcome of a random
experiment; denoted by a capital letter, usually . The domain is the sample space
and the range is some set of real numbers.
Discrete Random Variable
5 a random variable with a finite number of possible values or an infinite number of
values that can be counted
Continuous Random Variable
6 a random variable that can assume an infinite number of values that can take
decimal or fractional values
