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Alcohols: Year 11 Chemistry Igcse

The document discusses the production and properties of ethanol. Ethanol can be produced through fermentation of glucose or through the catalytic addition of steam to ethene. It has various uses as a solvent and fuel. Ethanol produced through fermentation is a simpler process that uses renewable resources but occurs more slowly, while ethanol from ethene and steam requires more complex equipment but allows for continuous production. Ethanol can also be oxidized to ethanoic acid through reaction with oxygen in air or through acidified potassium manganate(VII).

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185 views12 pages

Alcohols: Year 11 Chemistry Igcse

The document discusses the production and properties of ethanol. Ethanol can be produced through fermentation of glucose or through the catalytic addition of steam to ethene. It has various uses as a solvent and fuel. Ethanol produced through fermentation is a simpler process that uses renewable resources but occurs more slowly, while ethanol from ethene and steam requires more complex equipment but allows for continuous production. Ethanol can also be oxidized to ethanoic acid through reaction with oxygen in air or through acidified potassium manganate(VII).

Uploaded by

Ganta Booom
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ALCOHOLS

YEAR 11 CHEMISTRY IGCSE


Describe the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation
and by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene

• Describe the properties of ethanol in terms of


burning

Objectives and • Name the uses of ethanol as a solvent and as a fuel

Keywords
• Outline the advantages and disadvantages of these
two methods of manufacturing ethanol

Keywords: Alcohol, ethanol, fermentation, addition


reaction of steam to ethene, fuel, solvent.
ALCOHOLS

◦ The alcohols are a homologous series having – OH as the functional group. Their names all end with –ol.
Ethanol is:

Ethanol is a colourless liquid that boils at about 78oC. It is miscible (mixes) with water. Ethanol can be
manufactured from:
 Ethene – by reacting steam and ethane at high pressure and temperature using concentrated
phosphoric acid as catalyst.
 Glucose – by fermentation.
Ethanol burns with clean blue flame in excess air to form carbon dioxide and water:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRODUCING ETHANOL
BY FERMENTATION OR BY REACTION OF ETHENE WITH STEAM

Ethanol from fermentation Ethanol from ethene and steam


Simple method More complex method
Needs a lot of very large tanks Needs smaller-scale equipment to produce the
same amount of ethanol
Uses a batch process: you have to start again A continuous process: the ethanol is removed
from the beginning once you have removed the continuously and the ethane and steam are fed
solution in the tank into the apparatus continuously
Rate of reaction is slow Rate of reaction is fast
Ethanol needs further purification by fractional Produces ethanol of high purity
distillation
Uses renewable resources The ethene is made from non-renewable
resource – petroleum.
THE USES OF
ETHANOL
◦ Ethanol has many uses:
 As a solvent: ethanol is used in perfumes and other
cosmetics, in printing inks and in glues.
 As a fuel: ethanol can be mixed with petrol or used alone
as a fuel for cars. It is less polluting than petrol and
reduces the reliance on petrol and diesel.
 It is used to make other chemicals such as esters which
are used in food flavourings and in many cosmetics.
 In some cultures the ethanol produced by fermentation
is used for making alcoholic drinks. Excessive drinking of
alcohol, however, leads to aggressive behaviour,
depression and causes other medical problems.
Types of Alcohols
◦ The general formula for alcohols is CnH2n+1OH.
The formulae for the first four alcohols in this
homologous series are:
◦ The number in the formula is used to
distinguish between different isomers of the
alcohols. (Note: the numbers are not needed
for methanol and ethanol)

◦ The isomers with the –OH group at the end


are -1-ols. Some different isomers of butanol
are shown below.
ETHANOL TO ETHANOIC ACID
◦ Ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid by:

1. Oxidation in the air:

◦ Acetobater is a group of bacteria that causes wine to go sour. These bacteria


are naturally present in the air and on surfaces around us. When ethanol
solution is exposed to the air, enzymes from the bacterium speed up the
conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid. The reaction does not take place in
the absence of oxygen.

◦ C2H5OH + 2[O] CH3COOH


+ H2O
◦ Ethanol oxygen ethanoic acid water

◦ [0] is used in an equation when the oxidation reaction is complicated. This is


the reaction that makes vinegar. Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid.
ETHANOL TO
ETHANOIC ACID
◦ 2. Acidified potassium manganate(VII).

◦ Potassium manganate(VII) is a good oxidant,


especially when sulfuric acid is added. We heat
the ethanol with potassium manganate(VII) and
sulphuric acid. This is done in a flask with a
condenser in an upright position. This is called
refluxing. It prevents the alcohol, which is very
volatile, from escaping. The equation for the
reaction is the same as the above equation
(ethanoic acid and water). Other alcohols can be
oxidised in the same way.
CLASS
TASK
Class Task
References
◦ https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Purdue/Pur
due_Chem_26100%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(W
enthold)/Chapter_10%3A_Alcohols/10.1_Structu
re_and_Classification_of_Alcohols

◦ https://igcseandialchemistry.com/alcohol-organic
-chemistry/

◦ Complete Chemistry for Cambridge IGCSE


◦ Chemistry for IGCSE BY Nelson Thornes

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