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2 Presentation (Syntax)

This document discusses key concepts in syntactic analysis including phrase structure rules, lexical rules, movement rules, recursion, and complement phrases. Phrase structure rules use symbols like NP, VP, S to rewrite constituents in a sentence based on order. Lexical rules specify which words can fill constituents. Movement rules allow rearranging parts of a sentence structure, like moving an auxiliary verb to create a question. Recursion allows embedding one sentence structure within another using complementizer words like "that" to introduce complement phrases.

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Şeyma İrem Candan
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193 views

2 Presentation (Syntax)

This document discusses key concepts in syntactic analysis including phrase structure rules, lexical rules, movement rules, recursion, and complement phrases. Phrase structure rules use symbols like NP, VP, S to rewrite constituents in a sentence based on order. Lexical rules specify which words can fill constituents. Movement rules allow rearranging parts of a sentence structure, like moving an auxiliary verb to create a question. Recursion allows embedding one sentence structure within another using complementizer words like "that" to introduce complement phrases.

Uploaded by

Şeyma İrem Candan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYNTAX

Symbols used in syntatic analysis


Phrase structure rules
Lexical rules
Movement rules
Back to recursion
Complement phrases
Symbols used in syntactic analysis
■ S- sentence
■ NP- noun phrase
■ N- noun
■ Art- article
■ V- verb
■ VP- verb phrase
■ PP- prepositional phrase
■ Pro- pronoun
■ PN- proper noun
■ Adv- adverb
■ Prep- preposition
■ PP- prepositional phrase
■ There are three more symbols. The first is in the form of an arrow →
■ NP → Art N
■ The second symbol is a pair of round brackets ( ). We use the round brackets to indicate that
the adjective is optional. So, we can use this notation to generate the dog, the small dog, a
cat, a big cat, the book, a boring book and an endless number of other similar noun phrases.
■ NP → Art (Adj) N
■ The third symbol is in the form of curly brackets { }.These indicate that only one of the
elements enclosed within the curly brackets must be selected. it is more succinct to write one
rule, as shown in the middle or on the right, using curly brackets and including exactly the
same information.
■ * ungrammatical sentence
■ → consists of / rewrites as
■ ( ) optional constituent
■ { } one and only one of these constituents must be selected
Phrase Structure Rules
■ When we are using a tree diagram format, we can express it in two different ways. In the first,
we can simply treat it as a static representation of the structure of the sentence shown at the
bottom of the diagram. Then we can suggest that you can draw such a tree diagram for each
sentence in English. As a different view, it is to treat the tree diagram as a dynamic format; It
is not just a single sentence, but a large number of other sentences with similar structures.
This second approach is a very good alternative because it allows us to create a very large
number of sentences that resemble a very few rules. These rules are called phrase structure
rules. Phrase structure rules state that the structure of a sentence of a particular type will be
made up of one or more components in a particular order. We can use pattern structure rules to
present the tree diagram information in another format. In this case, the information shown in
the tree diagram on the left can be expressed in the statement structure rule on the right.
■ According to this rule, "a noun phrase is rewritten as an article
followed by a name." The first rule in the following set of simple
statement structure rules; indicates that a sentence is rewritten as a
noun phrase and a verb sentence. Second rule; Indicates that a
noun phrase is rewritten as an article plus an optional adjective
plus a noun or a pronoun or a proper noun. Other rules follow a
similar pattern.
■ S → NP VP
■ NP → {Art (Adj) N, Pro, PN}
■ VP → V NP (PP) (Adv)
■ PP → Prep NP
Lexical Rules
■ A lexical rule is in a form of syntactic rule used within many theories of natural
language syntax. These rules alter the argument structures of lexical items (for example
verbs and declensions) in order to alter their combinatory properties. Lexical rules affect
in particular specific word classes and morphemes. Phrase structure rules generate
structures. In order to turn those structures into recognizable English, we also need
lexical rules that specify which words can be used when we rewrite constituents such as
N.
Movement Rules
■ The small set of phrase structure rules just described can be treated as a representation
of the underlying or deep structures of sentences in English. One feature of these
underlying structures is that they will generate sentences with a fixed word order. That
is convenient for creating declarative forms (You will help Mary), but not for making
interrogative forms, as used in questions (Will you help Mary?). In making the question,
we move one part of the structure to a different position. This process is based on a
movement rule. In order to talk about this process, we need to expand our phrase
structure rules to include an auxiliary verb (Aux) as part of the sentence. Auxiliary verbs
(sometimes described as “helping” verbs) take different forms in English such as can
and will. They are called ‘modal verbs’ and they are always used with the basic form of
the main verb.
■ With these components, we can specify a simple movement rule that is involved in the
creation of one basic type of question in English.

■ This rule states that if we have one structure of the type You(NP)+ can(Aux) + see it
(VP) then we can turn it into a different structure by moving the Aux component to the
first position in the sequence in order to create Can you see it?
Using this simple rule, we can also generate these other questions:
■ Can you see the dog?
■ Should George follow you?
■ Could the boy see it?
■ Would Mary help George?
Back to Recursion

■ Simple phrase structure rules listed earlier have no recursive elements. Each time we start
to create an S, we only create a single S (sentence structure). We need to start create a
single S (sentence structure). We need to able to include sentence structures within other
sentence structures. In grammar, these sentence structures described as ‘’clauses’’. For
example, ‘’Lina helped Paul.’’ Is a sentence. We can put this sentence inside another
sentence beginning ‘’Jack know that Lina helped Paul’’. This is the same as reported
speech. We need to pay attention to tense harmony while we combining sentences. That
is, if we start sentence with past tense, we should continue the sentence with the same
time again.We can connect two sentence by using ‘’that’’. For example, Jack say that
Lina helped Paul. While we connecting the sentences we always use the word ‘’that’’.
In sentences two new proper and two new verbs have been used. After verbs such as
know and say as in these examples, the word that introduces a complement phrases.
Complement Phrases
The complementizer is attached to a simple sentence to embed it into the larger structure of
the complex sentence. the word ‘that’, which will be used in the following examples, is
called complementizer. The role of ‘’that’’ as a complomentizer(C) is to introduce a
complement phrase(CP). And it allows to link two or three sentences. For example;
C CP
The teacher believes that the student know the answer.
and we have a rule for that CP → C + S
We can also see from the same sentence that the complement phrase (CP) comes after a
verb (V) believes. This means that we are using the CP as part of a verb phrase (VP), as in
believes that the student know the answer. So, there must be another rule that says: “a verb
phrase rewrites as a verb and complement phrase,” or VP → V + CP
We use words such as ‘that, if, whether' as complementizer.
References

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGaULS_itDc&t=303s
■ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_rule
■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MyOtlKs7WTU
■ Source Book

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