Computer Programming

Instructor: Junaid Rashid

Lab 1: Introduction to computer Programming
What is this course about
 Introduction and Background..
 Environment and IDES.
 Types of operators and uses.
 About Variables and Constants.
 Control Statements.
 Loops
 Functions
 Structures
 Arrays.
 Pointers.
 Oop(Object Oriented Programing)
 Basic Introduction about classes.
Marks Distribution

 Total Marks 100

 Terminal 50
 Mid 30
 Assignments & Quizzes 20
Assignments 10 ( 4 assignments)
Quiz 10 ( 4 quizzes)
Agenda
 What is Computer
 Computer Organization
 Computer Programing Languages
 What is Program
 How to solve a program
 Problem Solving Techniques
 Algorithm
 Examples of Algorithm
What is a Computer?
 Computer
 Device capable of performing computations and making logical
decisions
 Computer programs
 Sets of instructions that control computer’s processing of data
 Hardware
 Various devices comprising computer
 Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, processing
units, …
 Software
 Programs that run on computer
Computer Organization
 Six logical units of computer
1. Input unit
 “Receiving” section
 Obtains information from input devices
 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, networks, …

2. Output unit
 “Shipping” section
 Takes information processed by computer
 Places information on output devices
 Screen, printer, networks, …
 Information used to control other devices
 Six logical units of computer
3. Memory unit
 Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse” section
 Retains information from input unit
 Immediately available for processing

 Retains processed information

 Until placed on output devices

 Memory, primary memory

4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 “Manufacturing” section
 Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions
 Six logical units of computer
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
 “Administrative” section
 Supervises and coordinates other sections of computer
6. Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
 Storage
 Inactive programs or data

 Secondary storage devices

 Disks

 Longer to access than primary memory

 Less expensive per unit than primary memory
Computer Programming Languages
 Programmers write programs/instructions in various
programming languages – some easier for the computer to
understand and some easier for the programmer to
understand.
 Machine languages
 Assembly languages
 High-level languages
1. Machine language
 Only language computer directly understands
 “Natural language” of computer
 Defined by hardware design
 Machine-dependent
 Generally consist of strings of numbers
 Ultimately 0s and 1s
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
 One at a time
 Cumbersome for humans
 Example:
+11000111
+1100111
2. Assembly language
 English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer
operations
 Clearer to humans
 Incomprehensible to computers
 Translator programs (assemblers)
 Convert to machine language
 Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
3. High-level languages
 Similar to everyday English, use common mathematical notations
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
 Assembly language requires many instructions to accomplish
simple tasks
 Translator programs (compilers)
 Convert to machine language
 Interpreter programs
 Directly execute high-level language programs
 Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
What is Program
 A computer program is a collection of
instructions that performs a specific task
when executed by a computer.
 A computer requires programs to function
and typically executes
the program's instructions in a central
processing unit.
Why we write a program

 For solving a problem.

 For example:
 Write a program to add two numbers
 So

How to solve this problem?

Solving Problem
 Problem solving is a process of identifying a
problem and finding the best solution for it.
 One problem may be solve in different ways. one
solution may be faster, less expensive and more
reliable than others.
 It is important to select the best suitable solution.
Problem Solving Techniques

 Different strategies techniques and tools are used to solve

a simple/complex problem in computer.
 Techniques are :
Algorithm

Flowchart

Program
Algorithm & Pseudo code
 Step by step procedure to solve a problem is called an algorithm
 Properties:
 The giving problem should be broken down into simple and
meaningful steps.
 The steps should be numbered sequentially.
 The steps should be descriptive and written in simple English.
 There is no standard to write a pseudo code.
 Pseudo is separating it into two main parts.
 Logic Design
 Coding
Logic Design & Coding

Logic Design:
In this part the logic of the program is designed. We specify the
different steps required to solve the problem.
 Coding
 In this part the algorithm is converted into a program.
 The steps of algorithm are translated into instructions of any
programming language.
Example:

Write an algorithm that inputs two

numbers, calculates sum and then
display the result on the screen.
Algorithm
1. Start
2. Input A
3. Input B
4. Total = A+B
5. Display Total
6. Exit
Examples 2
 Write an algorithm to take input radius
from the user and calculate the area of
circle.
(hint: Area=3.14*radius*radius)
Algorithm

  Start


 Take R (Note: R is Radius)

 Area =
 Display Area
 End
Example 3

Write an algorithm to find the

sum of first fifty natural
numbers.
Algorithm
1. Start
2. Sum=0
3. N=0
4. Repeat step 5 and 6 while(N<=50)
5. Sum = Sum + N
6. N=N+1
7. Print Sum
8. End
Assignment

 Writean algorithm to perform all mathematical

operation on two numbers
Hint: Mathematical Operations are +, -, *, /.
Flow Chart
 An organized combination of shapes, lines, and
text that graphically illustrates a process or
structure
 A pictorial representation showing all of the steps
of a process
 Basic Flowchart Shapes and Definitions

Start / End Project / Task Input / Output

The start or end of a Process or action. Data: Inputs to, and outputs
workflow. from, a process.

Split Decision Document

or
Merge

Upright indicates a process split, Document or

Decision point in a report.
inverted indicates a merge of
process or workflow.
processes.

Off Page
Manual Connector
Connector
Input

Prompt for information, Connector used to connect

manually entered into a Used to connect one part one page of a flowchart to
system. of a flowchart to another. another.
What does a flowchart look like?

 The pseudo code from the previous slide would look like this as a
flowchart:

Start
Print answer
Get 2 numbers
End
Add them
Another Sample: Calculating Age
 Pseudo code:
 Start

 Get year born

 Calculate age
 Print age
 If age > 50 print OLD
 End
 Another Sample: Calculating Age
Start

Get yr
 Flowchart
 Start Calc age

 Get year born

Print age
 Calculate age
 Print age
OLD Y Age>50?
 If age > 50 print OLD
N
 End
End
Assignment

 Make Flowchart of all previous Examples.