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Chapter 2 Data Processing Peter Norton

This chapter discusses how computers process data. It defines data and information, explaining that information is meaningful data that provides useful output. It also covers binary numbers, bits and bytes, computer parts like the CPU and memory, and CPU manufacturers and models. The CPU has two main parts - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit - that work together to process data. RAM and ROM differ in volatility, speed of access, and where the data is stored. Processing speed is affected by clock speed, number of bits moved at once, and type of memory used. The main CPU families are Intel and Motorola.

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207 views20 pages

Chapter 2 Data Processing Peter Norton

This chapter discusses how computers process data. It defines data and information, explaining that information is meaningful data that provides useful output. It also covers binary numbers, bits and bytes, computer parts like the CPU and memory, and CPU manufacturers and models. The CPU has two main parts - the control unit and arithmetic logic unit - that work together to process data. RAM and ROM differ in volatility, speed of access, and where the data is stored. Processing speed is affected by clock speed, number of bits moved at once, and type of memory used. The main CPU families are Intel and Motorola.

Uploaded by

Usama Adil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Peter Norton’s Introduction to Computers

Chapter 2
Processing Data
Useful
Data output
0101111
1100111
0100001
1000111
Learning Objectives:
• Identify the main difference between data and information.
• List two reasons why computers use the binary number system.
• List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work
together to process data.
• Name three differences between RAM and ROM.
• List three hardware features that affect processing speed.
• Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their
differences.
Data - raw facts

Information - meaningful data


(useful output)
Number Systems:

Decimal Numbers
- Base 10 Notation
Binary Numbers
- Base 2 Notation
Bits and Bytes:

• Bit = binary digit


- Smallest unit of data
• Byte = 8 bits
Computers represent data with electrical switches.

=1
On-off circuits are simple
and are not prone to errors.
=0

0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

One byte is made up of 8 bits.


(binary 01001000 = decimal 72)
(ASCII 01001000 = the letter “H”)
Computer parts communicate using binary numbers.

The greater the number of bits moved at


one time, the faster the processing speed.
Text Codes:
EBCDIC “EB-si-dic”
- (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

ASCII “As-key”
- (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Unicode
- (Unicode Worldwide Character Standard)
CPU (Central Processing Unit) - the
brain of the computer
Two parts:
• CU (Control Unit)
• ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit)
Control Unit - Controls the flow
of data into and from the Central
Processing Unit.
Arithmetic/Logic Unit - Performs
Arithmetic functions and Logical
operations.
The CU and ALU
are in the CPU.
Types of Memory:
ROM - Read Only Memory
(contains the basic input output
system or BIOS)

RAM - Random Access Memory


(user programs and data go here)
The ROM is nonvolatile because it will not
lose its contents when powered down.

RAM plugs into sockets on the motherboard.


Adding RAM often increases system performance.
The CPU can read RAM much faster than it can the hard disk.
CPU Manufacturers:

• Intel
• Motorola
• AMD
• Cyrix
CPU Models:

• 8086 1978 • 80486 1989


• 8088 1979 • Pentium 1993
• 80286 1982 • Penium Pro 1995
• 80386 1985 • Pentium II 1997
The Pentium II has 7.5 million
transistors, more than double
About MHz: the faster
the clock, the faster the the number included on the
processing speed. original Pentium chip. It
(1 MHz = 1 million clock
can operate from 233 MHz to
cycles per second)
400 MHz and beyond.
Learning Objectives:
Chapter 2 Review
• Identify the main difference between data and information.
• List two reasons why computers use the binary number system.
• List the two main parts of the CPU and explain how they work
together to process data.
• Name three differences between RAM and ROM.
• List three hardware features that affect processing speed.
• Name the two best-known families of CPUs and list their
differences.

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