Chapter 7 : Storage

Chapter 7 Objectives
Differentiate
Differentiatebetween
betweenstorage
storagedevices
devicesand
andstorage
storagemedia
media

Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofmagnetic
magneticdisks
disks

Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofaa hard
harddisk
disk

Discuss
Discussvarious
varioustypes
typesof
ofminiature,
miniature,external,
external,and
andremovable
removablehard
harddisks
disks

Differentiate
Differentiateamong
amongCD-ROMs,
CD-ROMs,recordable
recordableCDs,
CDs,rewritable
rewritableCDs,
CDs,DVD-ROMs,
DVD-ROMs,
BD-ROMs,
BD-ROMs,HD HDDVD-ROMs,
DVD-ROMs,recordable
recordableDVDs,
DVDs,and
andrewritable
rewritableDVDs
DVDs

Describe
Describethe
thecharacteristics
characteristicsof
ofoptical
opticaldiscs
discs

Identify
Identifythe
theuses
usesof
oftape
tape
Discuss
DiscussPC
PCCards,
Cards,ExpressCard
ExpressCardmodules,
modules,and
andthe
thevarious
varioustypes
typesof
ofminiature
miniature
storage
storagemedia
media
Identify
Identifyuses
usesof
ofmicrofilm
microfilmand
andmicrofiche
microfiche

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Storage
• What is storage?
 Holds data, instructions, and information for future
use
 Storage medium is physical material used for storage
 Also called secondary storage

p. 354 - 355 Fig. 7-1 Next

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Storage
• What is capacity?
 Number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can
hold
Kilobyte (KB) 1 thousand
Megabyte (MB) 1 million
Gigabyte (GB) 1 billion
Terabyte (TB) 1 trillion
Petabyte (PB) 1 quadrillion
Exabyte (EB) 1 quintillion
Zettabyte (ZB) 1 sextillion
Yottabyte (YB) 1 septillion
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Storage
• How does volatility compare?
 Storage medium is nonvolatile—contents retained
when power is off
 Memory is volatile—holds data and instructions
temporarily
ON OFF

Screen Display Display Display

Volatile

appears disappears

Memory Data and Data and

(most RAM) instructions instructions erased
(chips on motherboard) available to user
Nonvolatile

Storage Medium Contents Contents

(floppy disks, Zip disks, available to user retained
hard disks, CDs)

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Storage
• What is a storage device?

Hardware that
Reading records and Writing
Reading Writing
Process
retrieves items
Processofoftransferring
transferring Process
Processof oftransferring
transferring
items
itemsfrom
fromstorage
storage to and from items
itemsfrom
frommemory
memory
media
mediato
tomemory
memory storage media to
tostorage
storagemedia
media

Functions as source Creates output

of input

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Storage
• What is access time?
 Time it takes storage device to locate item on storage
medium
 Time required to deliver item from memory to processor
faster Transfer rates Stores …
transfer
rates Primary Storage
Memory (most RAM) Items waiting to be interpreted
and executed by the processor
Secondary Storage
Hard Disk Operating system, application
software, user data and information
Flash Memory Cards Digital pictures or files
and USB Flash Drives to be transported
CDs and DVDs Software, backups, movies, music
Tape Backups
slower
transfer Floppy Disk Small files to be transported
rates
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Magnetic Disks
•What are tracks and sectors?

Track
is narrow
Sector
recording stores up
band to
that forms full 512 bytes
circle on disk of data

cluster

Formatting prepares disk for

use

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
hard disk mounted
• What is a hard disk? in system unit

 High-capacity storage

 Consists of several
inflexible, circular
platters that store
items electronically

 Components enclosed
in airtight, sealed case
for protection

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What are characteristics of a hard disk?
Sample Hard Disk Characteristics
Advertised capacity 500 GB
Platters 4
Read/write heads 8
Cylinders 16,383
Bytes per second 512
Sectors per track 63
Sectors per drive 973,773,168 actual
disk
Revolutions per minute 7,200 capacity
Transfer rate 300 MB per
second
Access time 8.5 ms

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• How does a hard disk work?

Step 3.
When software requests a
disk access, read/write
heads determine current
Step 2. or new location of data.
Small motor spins
platters while
computer is running.

Step 4.
Head actuator positions
read/write head arms over
Step 1. correct location on platters
Circuit board controls to read or write data.
movement of head actuator
and a small motor.

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
platter
• What is a cylinder? track
sector
 Vertical section of
track through all
platters
 Single
movement of
read/write head read/write
arms accesses head
all platters
in cylinder

platter

sides

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT

cylinder
Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Magnetic Disks
• What is a head crash?

 Occurs when read/write head touches platter surface

 Spinning creates cushion of air that floats read/write head
above platter
 Clearance between head and platter is approximately two-millionths of
an inch
 A smoke particle, dust particle, or human hair could render drive
unusable

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What is a disk cache?
 Portion of
memory that
processor
uses to store
frequently
accessed
items

first request
for data—to disk cache

second request
for data—to hard disk

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What is RAID?
 Redundant Array of Independent Disks

 Connects multiple smaller disks into a single

unit that acts as a single large hard disk

Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Magnetic Disks
• What is a miniature hard disk?
 Provide greater storage capacities than flash
memory
 Smaller than notebook computer hard disks
 A pocket hard drive is a self-contained unit

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What are external hard disks and removable hard disks?

 Used to back up or transfer files

Removable hard disk—hard

External hard disk—freestanding disk
hard disk that connects to system unit that you insert and remove
from hard disk drive

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What is a disk controller?

Special purpose Chip and

circuits that control SATA (Serial Advanced
transfer of items from disk Technology Attachment)
to /from system bus or controller uses serial signals to
other component transfer data, instructions, and
information

EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive SCSI

Electronics) controller supports controller supports up to fifteen
four hard disks, provides devices including hard disks, CD
connections for CD and DVD and DVD drives, tape drives, printers,
drives scanners, network cards

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Magnetic Disks
• What is online storage?
 Service on Web that provides What is a floppy disk?
storage for minimal monthly
fee  Portable, inexpensive
storage medium (also
 Files can be accessed from
called diskette)
any computer with Web
access Thin, circular, flexible
 Large files can be film enclosed
downloaded instantaneously in 3.5” wide
plastic shell
 Others can be
authorized to access
your data

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
Push the button to
• What are optical discs? slide out the tray.
 Flat, round, portable
metal discs made of
metal, plastic, and
lacquer
 Can be read only or Insert the disc,
read/write label side up.
 Most PCs include an
optical disc drive
Push the same button
to close the tray.

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
• How is data stored on an optical disc?
 Typically stored in
single track
 Track divided
into evenly
sized sectors
that store
items

single track
spirals to edge
of disc

disc sectors

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
• How should you care for an optical disc?

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
• What is a CD-ROM?
 Compact disc read-only memory
 Cannot erase or modify contents
 Typically holds 650 MB to 1 GB
 Commonly used to distribute multimedia and complex
software

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
• What is the data transfer rate of a CD-ROM drive?

Ranges from
48X to 75X 75X
or faster

75  150 KBps = 11,250 KBps

75X is 150 KBps
or 12.25 MBps
(KB per second)

48X:
48  150 KBps = 7,200 KBps
or 7.2 MBps

p. 369 Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Optical Discs
• What is a Picture CD?

Film developers Can be

Stores digital
offer modified
versions of
Picture CD using photo
roll of film
service editing software

Step 1.
Drop off film to Step 3.
be developed.
At home, print images
Mark the
from Picture CD on
Picture CD box Step 2. your ink-jet photo printer.
on the film- When you pick up
processing prints and negatives, At a store, print images to
envelope. Picture CD at kiosk.
a Picture CD
contains digital
images of each
photograph.
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Optical Discs
• What are CD-Rs and CD-RWs? Must have
CD recorder
or CD-R drive

CD-R (compact disc-recordable)

— disc you can write on once
c

Cannot erase
disc’s contents
CD-RW (compact disc-rewritable)
— erasable disc you can write on
ce

multiple times
Must have
CD-RW software
and CD-RW drive

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Optical Discs
•What is a DVD-ROM (digital versatile disc-
ROM or digital video disc-ROM)?
 Must have DVD-ROM drive
or DVD player to read DVD-
ROM
 Stores databases, music,
complex software, and
movies
 Blu-ray discs have storage
capacity of up to 100 GB
 HD-DVD discs have storage
capacity of up to 60 GB
 UMD can store up to 1.8 GB
Nxt
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Optical Discs
• How does a DVD-ROM store data?
 Two layers of pits are used, lower layer is
semitransparent so laser can read through
 Some are double-sided
 Many types of recordable and rewritable DVDs
are available
 DVD-R and DVD+R
 DVD-RW and DVD+RW

Next
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Tape
• What is tape?
 Magnetically coated plastic ribbon
capable of storing large amounts
of data at low cost
 Primarily used for backup

How is data stored on a tape?

 Sequential access
 Reads and writes data consecutively, like music
tape
 Unlike direct access — used on hard disks, CDs,
and DVDs — which can locate particular item
immediately
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 PC Cards and ExpressCard
Modules
• What are PC Cards and ExpressCard Modules?

 Adds capabilities to
computer
 Credit-card-sized device commonly used in
notebook computers

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
• What is miniature mobile storage media?
 Storage for small mobile devices

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Miniature Mobile Storage Media
• What is a USB Flash Drive
 Plugs in a USB port on a
computer or mobile device
 Storage capacities up to 64
GB
 May eventually make the
floppy disk obsolete

What is a smart card?

 Stores data on
microprocessor embedded
in small card
 Input, process, output, and
storage capabilities
CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends
 Microfilm and Microfiche
• What are microfilm and microfiche?

Store microscopic images of

documents on roll or sheet of
film

Images recorded using

computer output microfilm
recorder

Microfilm — 100- to Microfiche — small sheet

215-foot roll of film of film, usually 4”  6”

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends

 Microfilm and Microfiche
• How do life expectancies of various media compare?

 Microfilm and microfiche have longest life of any storage

media

CT002-4-0 Computing and IT Computer Historical Perspective & Future Trends