A Guide to SQL, Ninth Edition

Chapter Five
Multiple-Table Queries
 Objectives
• Use joins to retrieve data from more than one
table
• Use the IN and EXISTS operators to query
multiple tables
• Use a subquery with a subquery
• Use an alias

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 Objectives (continued)
• Join a table to itself

• Perform set operations (union, intersection, and

difference)

• Use the ALL and ANY operators in a query

• Perform special operations (inner join, outer join,

and product)

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 Querying Multiple Tables
• Retrieve data from two or more tables

– Join tables

– Use the same commands as for single-table

queries

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 Joining Two Tables
• SELECT clause

– List all columns to display

• FROM clause
– List all tables involved in query

• WHERE clause

– Restrict to rows that have common values in

matching columns
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 Joining Two Tables (continued)

Figure 5-1: Joining two tables with a single SQL command

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 Joining Two Tables (continued)

Figure 5-2: Restricting the rows in a join

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 Joining Two Tables (continued)

Figure 5-3: Joining the ORDER_LINE and ITEM tables

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 Comparing JOINS, IN, and EXISTS

• Can join tables using:

– WHERE clause

– IN operator with a subquery

– EXISTS operator with a subquery

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 Comparing JOINS, IN, and EXISTS
(continued)
• WHERE clause

Figure 5-4: Restricting the rows when joining the ORDER_LINE and ITEM tables

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 Using the IN Operator

Figure 5-5: Using the IN operator instead of a join to query two tables

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 Using the EXISTS Operator

Figure 5-7 Using the EXISTS operator to select order information

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Using the EXISTS Operator (continued)

• Correlated subquery

– Subquery involves a table listed in outer query

• In Figure 5-7, the ORDERS table, listed in

FROM clause of outer query used in subquery

• Must qualify ORDER_NUM column in subquery

as ORDERS.ORDER_NUM

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 Using a Subquery within a
Subquery
• Nested subquery is a subquery within a
subquery

• Evaluate from innermost query to outermost

• More than one approach to formulating queries

• Many DMBSs have optimizers that analyze

queries for efficiency

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 Using a Subquery within a
Subquery (continued)

Figure 5-8: Nested subqueries (a subquery within a

subquery)
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 Using a Subquery within a
Subquery (continued)
• Order of evaluating query
– Innermost subquery first producing a temporary
table
– Next (intermediate) subquery producing a second
temporary table
– Outer query last producing final result

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 A Comprehensive Example

Figure 5-10 Comprehensive example

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 Using an Alias
• An alternate name for a table

• Use in FROM clause

• Type name of table, press Spacebar, and then

type name of alias

• Allows for simplicity

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 Using an Alias (continued)

Figure 5-11: Using aliases in a query

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 Joining a Table to Itself
• Called a self-join

• Use a different alias for same table

• Use to compare records within one table

• Treat one table as two separate tables by using

alias

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 Joining a Table to Itself (continued)

Figure 5-12: Using aliases for a self-join

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 Using a Self-Join on a Primary
Key
• Can create a self-join that involves primary key
of table

• List table twice in FROM clause with aliases

– Same as previous self-join example

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 Using a Self-Join on a Primary Key
(continued)

Figure 5-15: List of employees and their managers

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 Joining Several Tables
• Condition relates columns for each pair of tables

Figure 5-16: Joining four tables in a query

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 Joining Several Tables
(continued)
• In SELECT clause, list all columns to display

• Qualify any column names if needed

• In FROM clause, list all tables

• Include tables used in the WHERE clause, even

if they are not in the SELECT clause

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 Joining Several Tables
(continued)
• Take one pair of related tables at a time
• Indicate in WHERE clause the condition that
relates tables
• Join conditions with AND operator
• Include any additional conditions in WHERE
clause
• Connect them with AND operator

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 Set Operations
• Union

– The union of two tables is a table containing

every row that is in either the first table, the
second table, or both tables

– Use UNION operator

– Tables must be union compatible; that is, the

same number of columns and corresponding
columns have identical data types and lengths
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 Set Operations (continued)

Figure 5-20: Using the UNION operator

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 Set Operations (continued)
• Intersection

– Intersection of two tables is a table containing all

rows that are in both tables

– Uses the INTERSECT operator

– Not supported by Microsoft Access

• Use an alternate approach

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 Set Operations (continued)

Figure 5-21: Using the INTERSECT operator

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 Set Operations (continued)
• Difference

– Difference of two tables is a table containing set

of all rows that are in first table but not in second
table

– Uses the MINUS operator

– Not supported by SQL Server and Microsoft

Access
• Use an alternate approach

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 Set Operations (continued)

Figure 5-23: Using the MINUS operator

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 ALL and ANY
• ALL operator
– Condition is true only if it satisfies all values
• ANY operator
– Condition is true only if it satisfies any value
• Precede subquery with appropriate operator

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 ALL and ANY (continued)

Figure 5-25: SELECT command that uses the ALL operator

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 ALL and ANY (continued)

Figure 5-27: SELECT command with an ANY operator

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 Special Operations
• Self-join

• Inner join

• Outer join

• Product

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 Inner Join
• Compares the tables in FROM clause and lists
only those rows that satisfy condition in WHERE
clause
• INNER JOIN command
– Update to SQL standard 1992

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 Inner Join (continued)

Figure 5-29: Query that uses and INNER JOIN clause

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 Outer Joins
• Left outer join: all rows from the table on the left
(listed first in the query) will be included; matching
rows only from the table on the right will be included

• Right outer join: all rows from the table on the right
will be included; matching rows only from the table
on the left will be included

• Full outer join: all rows from both tables will be

included regardless of matches

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 Product
• The product (Cartesian product) of two tables is
the combination of all rows in the first table and
all rows in the second table

• Omit the WHERE clause to form a product

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 Summary
• Join tables with WHERE clause
• Join tables with IN operator
• Join tables with EXISTS operator
• A subquery can contain another
subquery
• Use an alias to simplify SQL
command as well to create self-join
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 Summary (continued)
• UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS
• ALL and ANY operators
• Inner join
• Outer joins
– Left, right, full

• Cartesian product
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