dissection

w o r ks h e e t
Group
1 Renz Gomez
Aubrey Sophia Misolania
Julian Bryle Jeremias
Ivan Palencia
Bea Mae Deocampo
Kryselle Dianopra
Janella Anne Miraran
Gianna Nicole Odsinada
Mary Joy Nate
Mary Jay Nate
Elouisa Olaybal
Rosally Dacer
Fatima Negrete

12 STEM- Zeus
Part A: Show a complete classification o f your
frog.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertrebratata
Superclass: Gnathostomatajawed
vertebrates
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Genus: Ingerophrynus
species I.Philippinicus
Philippine toad Scientific Ingerophrynus
Name: phillippinicus

Part b: the head and the external

features
Adaptation How I t H e l p s Survival

eye position Eye position of frogs allow them to see in front, to the
sides, and partially behind them. Eyes positioned at top
of the head give them a field of vision of almost 180
degrees. This peripheral vision helps them spot
predators and prey.

external nostrils (nares) External nares are openings in the frog where air passes,
they can be closed using a sphincter muscle when the
frog is submerged under water and this help them to
prevent water from entering the mouth and therefore
the lungs.

vocal sacs Vocal sacs of the frog help them produce the sounds that
make a male's call distinctive.

nictitating membrane Frogs are among many species that have a nictitating
membrane. The membrane likely evolved to help the
frog survive on land and in the water. It lubricates the
eyes and provides a level of protection.

Tympanum Tympanum transmits sound waves to the middle and

inner ear, allowing a frog to hear both in the air and
below water. In addition, this membrane serves to keep
water and debris from entering a frog's ears.
maxillary and Maxillary teeth and Vomerine teeth enable frog to
vomerine teeth hold captured prey.

vestigial thumb This organ helps them by avoiding predation by

stealth which makes them quiet and silent in
moving so that predators won't notice them readily.

eustachian tube Eustachian tube helps the frog to bring in sound

and to hear. It equalizes the pressure of the inner
ear by opening and closing, which aids with sound
and hearing. They help to balance the frog.

Tongue Tongue helps frog to catch its food and wraps it

around its prey. The frog's tongue then snaps back
and throws the food down its throat.
Part c:
respiration
P Function
a
r
t
G Opening to the lung
l Opening from the mouth into the respiratory
o system
t
t
i
s
E providing a passageway for inhaled air from
x mouth and nostrils to lungs.
t It constitutes an essential component of a
e frog's respiratory system and connects the
r glottis to the lung alveoli.
n
a
l

n
o
s
t
r
i
l
s

(
n
a
r
e
s
)
T Produce sounds when air is forced over its
r vocal cords.
a
c
 In addition to vocal cords, male
h frogs have vocal sacs, it is used as an
Part D: e amplification of their mating or
heart a advertisement call
Parts L aid in supplyingFunction
oxygen to the body
u
Right Atrium • nChamber of the frogs heart which receives
gblood from the sinus venosus.
s• Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and skin
Left atrium (which also serves as a gas exchange organ in
most amphibians).
 • Chamber of a frog’s heart that pumps blood out of
Ventricle the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body.

The ventricle has thicker, more muscular walls than the atria. Relate
this difference in wall structure to the functions of the 2 types of heart
chamber.

The ventricles in frogs have thicker walls because they have to pump blood to
the numerate parts of the body at a higher pressure. Therefore, in order to fulfill this
task, it must have thicker walls than the atria. The atrium, on the other hand, has less
resistance to the flow of blood thus needing less muscle.

Part E:
digestion
1. List the organs of digestion in order from the esophagus to cloaca.

esophagus stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and cloaca.

2. Why is the inside of the stomach folded?

The stomach of frog is a long sac that folds and is lined beside the liver. It is
located along the side of the inner body. Since the body of the frog is small, by folding
the stomach can increase the surface area of the stomach in order to help the
frog digest.
3.How are the relative lengths of the frog's small intestine and large intestine
related to their functions?

The relative length of frog's small intestine and large intestine related to their
functions is because the small intestine helps to absorb calories and nutrients
from digested food. The small intestine needs to be long enough such that it can go
through a full digestion. The Large intestine is five feet long and three inch in
diameter, while small intestine is twenty feet long and one inch in diameter. Small
intestine and large intestine have a difference in functioning that small intestine its
function is to break down food and large intestine its function is to clean out the
food which is not absorbed as wastes.

4. The cloaca is used by 2 other body systems other than digestion. What
are they?

Aside from digestion, cloaca is used by the excretory and reproductive system.
Wastes enter the cloaca from the digestive and excretory systems, and gametes
enter the cloaca from the reproductive system.

Part f: other
organ s
Parts Function
Liver • It produces new blood cells and disposes of
old ones. It filters the blood coming from
the digestive tract, before passing it to the
rest of the body. The liver also detoxifies
chemicals and metabolizes drugs. As it does
so, the liver secretes bile that ends up back
in the intestines.
 • Its primary function is to store and
Gall bladder concentrate bile, a yellow-brown digestive
enzyme produced by the liver. The
gallbladder serves as a reservoir for bile
while it’s not being used for digestion. The
gallbladder’s absorbent lining concentrates
the stored bile.

• It acts as a filter for blood as part of the

Spleen immune system. Old red blood cells are
recycled in the spleen, platelets and white
blood cells are stored there. The spleen also
helps fight certain kinds of bacteria that
cause pneumonia and meningitis.

Part g: urogenital system

Part Function

Kidney  two bean-shaped organs that extract waste

from blood, balance body fluid, form urine, and
aid in other important functions of the body.
Testes  male reproductive gland that produces sperm
and secretes testosterone and that in most
mammals is contained within the scrotum at
sexual maturity

Vasa efferential  the several highly convoluted tubules that lead

from the rete testis to the vas deferens and
form the head of the epididymis.
Ovary  Ovary- female reproductive organ that produce
eggs and female sex hormones

Oviduct  a tube through which eggs pass from the

ovary of a female animal

1.A mature female may have its body cavity full of black and white eggs. The black
portion of the egg contains the living embryo. The white portion is yolk, containing
stored food. When placed in water the eggs will float with the light side down. What
is the advantage of this?
The advantage why the eggs behaves on such position, as the bright side of
the eggs are facing down, this would help them to camouflage in the water and
prevents from being eaten. Also, the presence of the yolk on the lower side allows
space for the upper portion, for the movements of the embryo. Because the
light side of the eggs contains yolk in the vegetal cytoplasm. The upper half divides
more fastly and is known as an animal hemisphere of the cell.
2. If your frog is an immature female, you will find 2 grayish or pinkish ovaries in
either side of the abdominal cavity. The testes of the male are in the corresponding
positions. Attached to these organs are yellow fat bodies. What is the function of fat
bodies?
The fat bodies in frogs are yellowish to orange in color. They have a finger-
like or spaghetti-like shape. The function of fat bodies are they are needed for
hibernating, metamorphosis and for mating. These are areas in the body containing
stored energy.

3. During one mating of frogs, the female lays some 2,000 to 3,000 eggs in
water as the male sheds millions of sperm over them. How do these large
numbers relate to the frog’s fitness for life in water?
A male frog sheds millions of sperm and female shed 2,000 to 3,000 in the
water, with these numbers the survival rate increases. In water the eggs and sperm
are small making them victims to be eaten by other animals, having thisamount of
egg and sperm increases the chance of having offspring. With these large numbers
of eggs and sperms the fitness of life and survival rate of frogs in water increases.
Part h:
brain
1. What do the large optic lobes of a frog’s brain suggest?

The optic lobe gives the sense of vision. The large size of the optic lobe of a
frog brain suggests that the major part of processing in the brain of frogs is
associated with vision.

2. What does the large olfactory lobe of a frog’s brain suggest?

Olfactory lobe gives the sense of smell. The large size of the olfactory lobe
of a frog brain suggests that the maximum part of processing in the brain of frogs
is associated with odors that act like an essential homing tool in finding their breeding
ground as well as for detecting predators and food

3. Why does a frog have such a small cerebrum?

The Cerebrum is a body part that sends functions and controls the body.
A frog has a smaller than usual cerebrum because it's body is
so small and could mean that the frog and its body's processes that keep it alive
are
less complex
 Nares

Nictitating membrane

Tympanum

Maxillary teeth Vomerine teeth

Glottis

Opening to

esophagus
Tongue
Liver

Gall bladder

Spleen
Glottis

Liver

Lung

Trachea

Heart
 Esophagus

Stomach
Small intestine

Large intestine

Cloaca

Testes

Kidney
Olfactory Nerve

Olfactory Bulb

Cerebral Hemisphere

Optic Lobe

Medulla
 Under the
microscop
e
Magnifying the micro-world

Group
1
Ivan Palencia
Julian Bryle Jeremias
Bea Mae Deocampo
Kryselle Dianopra
Janella Anne Miraran
Gianna Nicole Odsinada
Mary Joy Nate
Mary Jay Nate
Elouisa Olaybal
Rosally Dacer
Fatima Negrete
Renz Gomez
Aubrey Sophia Misolania

12 STEM- Zeus
 UN DER
THE
O b j e c t iv
e s :•
To observe certain specimens under the microscope
• To describe the cell structure of the specimens

Pr oced u r
e:

Placing of the eyepiece

to the eye tube

Unboxing of the microscope

Our group was given the slide

containing the specimen of stem
cotton
Placing the slide on the
stage of the microscope

We gathered
certain
specimens (Aloe
vera extract and
epidermis of an
onion) then
observed it under
Each member of our group the microscope
took a look of the specimen
 UN DER
THE
ob s e r vat ion
s

COTTON STEM The structure of the stem of the

cotton is hexagonal in a
microscopic view. The pattern
observed looks like a cluster of
bubbles.

The microscopic view of an Aloe

vera plant can be described as
having a bluish-like color and
canitbe seen
like droplets of water.

ALOE VERA
EXTRACT

The epidermis of an onion

EPIDERMIS OF observed in a digital microscope
appeared like a pattern of a
ONION parallelograms. The nucleus and
the cell wall are visible here.
 th
green e

pr is
m
The legacy of plant experts

Bestowed by:
Ivan n. palencia
12 stem- zeus

Bestowed to:
Lieza oropesa
General biology 2
 From 1920 to 1926, Quisumbing was attached to the
College of Agriculture at the University of the
Philippines and from 1926 to 1928 at the University of
California. He was appointed systematic botanist in
1928. Beginning in February 1934, he served as acting
chief of the Natural Museum Division of the Bureau
of Science in Manila. He was later named director of
the National Museum, a position he held until
retiring in 1961. Quisumbing was the author of
numerous taxonomic and morphological papers,
many of which deal with orchids, such as "Medicinal
plants in the Philippines." Some of his other
published works include “Teratology of
Philippine Orchids,”
Rhynchostylis “The
Retus,” identity
“New of Anota Violacea
or Noteworthy
Known For: Quisumbing was a Filipino
and
Orchids,”
Philippine and “Philippine
botanist and a noted expert in the
Piperaceae.”
medicinal
plants of the Philippines. The
plant Saccolabium quisumbingii is named
for
him.
Born: November 24, 1895 in Santa The global community considers the Philippines as
Cruz, Laguna, Philippines one centers
the of of biological diversity. Our country's
Died: August 23, 1986 in Quezon flora
comprises more than 10,000 plant species that
City, Philippines are
endemic to the Philippines. Out of that number, it
Education: University of the Philippines equates
to roughly about 40% of flowering plants which
Los Baños (BSA, 1918), University of the any
Western botany enthusiasts have to travel half the
Philippines Los Baños (MS, 1921), world
to see. Dr. Eduardo A. Quisumbing is a God-
University of send for and foreigners alike who are interested in
Filipinos
Chicago (Ph.D., 1923) our
country's flora. Who else would think that men could
Published Works: Teratology of also
love
Philippine Orchids, The identity of flowers?
Anota Violacea and Rhynchostylis Quisumbing cultivates his life research on
Retus, New or Noteworthy Philippine beautifuland flowers of the Philippines. He is called
orchids
Orchids, Philippine Piperaceae, as the
Medicinal plants in the Philippines “Father
scientificofarticles
Philippine
andOrchid
cology”
most of whichwho has orchids.
topics authored
Awards and Honors: Distinguished 129 his life cultivating, protecting, and describing
He
spent
Service the
love of his life, orchids, for the world to learn
Star for Outstanding Contribution to the about and
enjoy.
Field of Systematic Botany, Diploma of
Merit on Orchidology, Fellow Gold Medal Several orchid species were named after him like
from the Malaysian Orchid Society, that of
Saccolabium quisumbingii mainly available in the
PhilAAS Most Outstanding Award, United
States.
His notable
National worksofdo
Scientist notPhilippines
the only make him known in the locale but in the world, as well.
His works and publications are still sold on sites such as Amazon. And his writings on
orchids of the Philippines are still available at college libraries throughout the U.S.

The wisdom of orchidology he propagated in our land will bloom forever.

 He was a scientist in the Plant Sciences, and was
conferred the rank and title of National Scientist
of the Philippines in 2001, the highest honor
bestowed by
the Philippine Government for the work of
Filipino scientists.

During his last years at IRRI, Dr. Vergara

conceptualized, designed and pushed for the
establishment of the Riceworld Museum and
Learning Center which was inaugurated in 1994. He
was also instrumental in designing and putting
together the NAST Philippine Science Heritage
Center (PSHC)oforFilipino
achievements Salinlahi, which focuses on the
Known For: Farmer's Primer on Growing
scientific and technological
scientists.
Rice
Born: June 23, 1934 In addition to his more than 100 scientific
Died: October 24, 2015 NS Vergara wrote a book “A Farmer's
publications,
Education: University of the Primer on
Growing Rice”, which has more than 50 editions
Philippines Diliman and 50
translations. The book discusses the
University of Hawaii at Manoa essence of
scientific knowledge on rice production that
University of Chicago farmers could understand. As Visiting Professor at
ordinary
Awards and Honors: Outstanding Young Los Baños, he mentored 17 MS and 14 PhD
UP
Man, 1961 students inand botany as well as trained many
agronomy
Outstanding Phi Sigman, 1977 from rice growing countries all over the
scholars
Outstanding Alumnus of the UP world.
Botanical Society,
Academician to the 1986
National Academy of
Science and Technology Philippines, 1987
American Society of Agronomy Fellow,
Rice is the most important food crop of the
1986
National Scientist, 2001
developing
world and is considered as the staple food
Outstanding Citizen of Los Baños,
2004 in the
Philippines and in other parts of the
globe.
Rice production
economy. in the Philippines
The Philippines is largest
is the 9th an important aspect of
rice producer in the
the country's food supply
world, accounting for
and
2.8% of global rice production, in addition, the country is the world's largest rice
importer in 2010.
It was Vergara who noticed that farmers and extension workers had difficulty with
technical and scientific information about growing rice. He identified the source of the
problem to be the materials and language used to explain rice growing concepts.
In 1979, the first print run of his book the Farmer’s Primer on Growing Rice was
published as a commercial book. It has been used around the world among
agriculturists, extensions workers, and farmers.
His published works and research in the field of rice production posed a drastic impact
to the Philippines’ agriculture. It has helped farmers belonging to minority groups to
utilize basic scientific knowledge to an effective cultivation of such food crop— growth
duration, rationing, tillering, flowering, and gain yield of rice.
With his passion for rice production, Philippine agriculture is in rise!
 A tree dies. A tree lives. A forest lives
forever.
Leonard Co was a celebration of life,
measured not by how many scientific
papers he published, grants he obtained, or
how much money he earned, but how many
lives he touched (or changed) in pursuing
his researches and doing his science. He
was bigger than himself, being a strong
advocate for the betterment of life and the
environment. He was an outstanding and
Born: 29 December 1953, Manila
Died: 15 November 2010, Kananga internationally acclaimed plant scientist and
Education: University of the conservationist with an enormous heart for
Philippines Diliman, BS Botany both the plants and people of the
Awards and Honors: Biodiversity Philippines.
Heritage
Award from UNDP With his burning passion in discovering new
"Immortal Life of Leonard Co" - a film in the species, he put his life in a perilous trail.
making to be launched at the First With his search for indigenous tree species
International symposium of the Philippine
in the Energy Development Corporation's
Native Plants Conservation Society with the
theme "Philippine Botanical Treasures and geothermal
the Legacy of Leonard Co" reservation— his life wacs put to an end. He
was
shot to death in his pursuit for new
discoveries,
Co was the founding president of the contributions
he was killed tobyPhilippine botany have been
his own curiosity.
Philippine Native Plants Conservation and manifold, but his premature death also
received credit for discovering eight new His tragic left
suddenly death
twoleft
of the
his scientific
long-term projects
species of
community, his colleagues and friends, in
unfinished.
plants. Aside from these, two species of
Philippine endemic plants have been named in shock and disbelief, and a country without
Albeit he knowledgeable
its most is dead, his legacy
plantstill continues
expert.
his honor: the Mycaranthes leonardi orchid
to be foretold, and will forever be honored.
and the Rafflesia leonardii, a parasitic plant Leonard’s
species of the genus Rafflesia endemic to Death does not end his significant
the Philippines and known for bearing the contributions, but rather an inspiration to
third largest flower in the world. trigger everyone’s passion. He is one of the
A year before his death, Co also documented brightest stars who will never loses his
a catalog
the flora that lists
of the 160 unique
Bataan plant
National species,
Park, coming flare.
essential
up with for guiding reforestation efforts on
the 23,668-hectare park centered around
Mount Natib.
 The Makapuno embryo culture
technology was developed by the late
Dr. Emerita V. de Guzman of UP Los
Baños in the 1960’s. The technology
was initially aimed at rescuing the
Makapuno embryos which do not
germinate in situ due to abnormality of
the endosperm.
De Guzman’s in vitro of the makapuno
coconut embryo benefits the Filipino
Education: BS (Botany) at
coconut
on famers industry
the coconut and other
in people
the long
University of the Philippines in c
dependent
run.
1953; MS (Plant Physiology) at This is a big step towards the
Cornell University in 1956 and Ph. development
D. (Plant Physiology) also at of Makapuno industry in the Philippines.
Cornell University in1961. Makapuno coconuts are high value
Awards and Honors: Rizal Pro coconuts in the Philippines since there
Patria award, Outstanding is a very high demand for the icecream
Scientist Award of the Philippine
and pastries industries.
Association for the Advancement
of Science and the Professional Faster growth and propagation of
Award for agriculture of the UP Makapuno nuts means an increase in
Alumni Association. the production of which, thus making
agcriculture industry improve.

Dr. De Guzman was lauded for her outstanding

contribution on the growth and development, in
vitro, of the makapuno coconut embryo,
resulting in a faster propagation of pure
macapuno trees. As a result of this effort, she
has revolutionized the old ratio of the
makapuno-bearing nuts in the tropics which
produce only 3-5 makapuno nuts in every
raceme bearing 14-19 nuts. Dr. de Guzman
produced 100% all makapuno-bearing in the
raceme. Aside from these, she is also
recognized for devising tissue culture
techniques for rapid propagation of abaca and
banana.
 Dr. Pedro Escuro has made significant contributions to
rice breeding, as plant breeder, Professor, extension
worker, and consultant in agricultural projects. He
provided leadership in the development, isolation, and
release of nine Seed Board rice varieties: Milpal 4,
HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 (upland) and C-18, C4-63,
C4-137, C-168 and C-12 (lowland).

Intensive rice breeding over the past 50 y

Known For: National Scientist" has dramatically increased productivity
for Genetic and Plant Breeding in 1994. especially in the indica subspecies, but our
Born: August 2, 1923 knowledge of the genomic changes
Education: Bachelor of Science in associated with such improvement has
Agriculture major in Agronomy at the been limited.
University of the Philippines in Los The ‘emerging rise’ in breeding rice is
Banos, Laguna in 1959 brought by Dr. Escuro’s researches. His
Master's Degree from Cornell works have good varieties of rice such as
University in 1964 classic C4-63 that have been widely
Ph.D. Genetics and Plant Breeding harvested, strong against insects and pest
from the insects, delicious food and served as an
University of Minnesota in the United example and measure of high quality rice,
Stats in 1969 not just in the Philippines, but also in many
Awards and Honors: Presidential Plaque countries in Asia.
of Merit for outstanding The premium breeding system yield in the
accomplishments in rice improvement increase of grain production. This has
(1967) and Rizal Pro Patria award for brought development of new strategies to
outstanding contribution to rice increase the genetic yield potential of the
breeding and genetics. He is also varieties.
recipient of the University of the Escuro’s researches contributed to the
Philippines Distinguished notion of breeding quality rice for the
Professional award in agriculture country and to the world, as well. It does
(1973), and D.Sc. (honoris causa not only help the agriculture industry of the
1974) and the 1974 Ayala award in country but also ordinary farmers
agricultural science. belonging to minority groups.
. He was awarded the Doctor of
Science,
Honoris Causa at the University of
the
Philippines in 1979 .
 Pedro B. Escuro

Dr. Pedro Escuro has made significant

Known For: National Scientist"
for Genetic and Plant Breeding in
contributions to rice breeding, as plant
1994 . Born: August 2, 1923 breeder, Professor, extension worker,
Education: Bachelor of Science
in Agriculture major in
and consultant in agricultural projects.
Agronomy at He provided leadership in the
the University of the
Philippines in Los
development, isolation, and release of
Baños , Laguna in 1959 . nine Seed Board rice varieties: Milpal 4,
Master's Degree from Cornell
University in 1964
HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 (upland) and
Ph.D. Genetics and Plant Breeding from C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12
Awards and Honors:
the University Presidential
of Minnesota in thePlaque
United
of Meritinfor
States outstanding
1969
(lowland).
accomplishments in rice improvement
(1967) and Rizal Pro Patria award for
outstanding contribution to rice breeding
and genetics. He is also recipient of the
University of the Philippines
Distinguished Professional award in
agriculture (1973), and D.Sc. (honoris
causa 1974) and the 1974 Ayala award in
agricultural science.
. He was awarded the Doctor of
Science, Honoris Causa at the
University of the Philippines in 1979 .
A peak in the
world of plant
experts

The legacy of
a passionate
of plant
experts
EDUARDO
QUISUMBING