HISTORICAL

BACKGROUND OF LAND
TRANSPORTATION
Overview
This module presents the historical development
of land transportation used by man. It is imperative
for future traffic officers and traffic managers to
familiarize themselves to the various inventions and
innovations related to land transportation to enable
them to understand the present day traffic problems.
For better understanding, it is divided into:

Lesson 1. Manpower, Animal Power, and Wind

Power
Lesson 2. Wheeled Vehicles and Road History
Lesson 3. Evolution of Motor Vehicles
LESSON 1.1 MANPOWER, ANIMAL POWER,
AND WIND POWER

Concept
Transportation is the movement or conveying a
persons and goods from one location to another.
Tracing the historical development of human’s
methods of transporting goods and people would
take a voluminous book to record all the
innovations made by man from the ancient time to
the present day age. This book cited only those
commonly used by human beings of all
generations and most of all nations on earth.
 Man’s need to travel dates back as early as the
creation of human beings. Biblical passages
alleged that when Adam and Eve ate the fruit of
the forbidden tree, they were sent out by God
from Paradise of Eden.
“Therefore the Lord God sent him forth from
the garden of Eden, to till the ground from whence
he was taken.”
 Since then, the human race expanded and our
ancestors constantly move from one place to
another to enable them to survive and others for
various reasons. Other biblical passages
mentioned that Moses was chosen by God to
speak to the Pharaoh, King of Egypt to let His
children out of Egypt. So, the children of Israel
were gloriously brought out from Egypt to serve
God.
Soon, others became nomadic. They constantly
migrate from one place to another according to
their own detailed knowledge of exploitable
resources.
 The term nomad, from the Greek, “to pasture,”
was originally used to refer to pastoralists –
groups that migrate in an established pattern to
find pasture lands for their domestic livestock.
However, the term has since been generalized to
include all non-settled populations, of which there
are three types.
The first type comprises foraging populations
who wander in search of their food. It is
estimated that 99 percent of all humanity once
lived in this way.
 The second type, the most significant
numerically and historically, comprises the
pastoral nomads who move with their families,
belongings, and herds of cattle, camel, sheep, or
goats through an annual cycle of pastures whose
availability is determined by the alteration of hot
and cold or wet and dry seasons.
The third type comprises gypsies, tinkers, and
similar itinerants in urban and complex societies.
 What worth noting is; how man traveled during
the ancient period. It believed that early human
beings traveled to place by foot, carrying their
loads on their backs or on their heads, while
others pulled crude sleds. They used every means
to make their transportation with the least time
and effort.
 Various Ancient Modes of
Transportation:

A. MANPOWER. Early man, who had no

domesticated animals, carried his own
burdens. More so today, manpower is
important in transportation in many parts of
the world.
1. Walking (traveling by foot) – It is commonly
cited by reference books and literatures that man
first used the power of his own feet in traveling
while a load is either carried or dragged.
Coincidentally, the English word “pedestrian” was
coined from the Latin word “pedester” – which
means to travel on foot.
2. Carrying Pole – In China and other parts of the
Far East, the carrying pole, balance on one
shoulder is a popular carrying device. On islands
of the Pacific, the ends of the pole are supported
by two men, with goods suspended from the pole
in between.
3. Back Load and Tumpline – In many parts of
the world goods are carried on the back. In
Subtemala, pots are carried on a wooden
framework supported by a tumpline across
the forehead. In the Andes the load is held on
the back by a strap passing over the chest.
4. Sledge on rollers – The moving of
heavy burdens was to place them on
sledge which rested on a series on
rollers.

5. Sledge on runners – A simple

sledge, probably man drawn, was in
use at the end of the Old Stone Age
in northern Europe, as evidenced by
fragments of wooden runners which
survived.
6. Travois – This travois, as the pole
arrangement called serves as a platform on
which the burdens are placed. The platform
or crossed-beam are then dragged by
humans or animals.
B. ANIMAL POWER. The domestication of animals
greatly increased the potential power available
for transportation. Pack animals were introduced
as conveyances mainly to save labor. Pack man
can tend several pack animals moving together,
each of which (except dogs) can carry more than
he usually can. Little advantage in speed is
gained unless part of the animals’ carrying
capacity is sacrificed. Mentioned below were
some of the common animals used by human
beings since the ancient times. Some people
groups are still using these animals in their
transportation.
1. Ox – Cattle, which were
first domesticated in
Mesopotamia, were
used as draft animals to
draw war chariots.
Oxens are still used as
draft animals in many
regions of the world. In
some parts of Africa,
they are used as pack
animals and for riding.
2. Reindeer – These were
first domesticated in
Siberia in beginning of
the Christian era. In the
Altai Mountains, they
were ridden with saddles.
Elsewhere, they draw
sledges somewhat like
the dog sledges of the Far
North.
3. Dog – The dog, the first
animal domesticated, is to
slight to carry heavy loads.
The plain Indians sometimes
packed light loads on dogs’
backs, and piled goods on a
travois which the dogs
dragged. In the Far North,
the dogs team drawing
sledges are the chief means
of transportation; and in
parts of Europe, the dogs are
used to draw small carts.
4. Donkey – The donkey or ass, first
domesticated in the Middle East.
Early dogs came to use as a back
animals before the domestication of
the camel. Donkey caravans carry
goods between with cities of
Southwest Asia and Egypt and the
donkey is still the chief beast of
burden among the farmers or the
Near East, the Mediterranean Area
and Mexico, where it was introduced
from Spain.
5. Llama – In pre-
Columbian America, the
Llama was the only
new world animal other
than the dog capable of
domestication for use
in transport. In the high
Andes, the Llama was
used as a pack animal
by the Incas and their
Spanish conquerors, as
it’s by modern Andean
people.
6. Elephant – The Carthaginians
used African elephant in their
war against Rome but in recent
centuries, these animals have
not been tamed. In India,
elephants were formerly used
in war and are still employed to
some extent for ceremonial
processions and big game
hunting. In Burma and Thailand,
these huge animals are widely
used in the lumber industry.
7. Horse – Around 2,000 B.C.,
horse drawn chariots appeared
in southwest Asia and 1,000
years later, the Persians
arrived with cavalry which
gave mobility and power to the
German tribes who invaded
Europe and to the Central
Asian conqueror Genghis
Khan. In Europe, horses were
used to draw wheeled vehicles
and for riding for sometime
until the introduction of
mechanized vehicles.
8. Camel – There are two kinds of
camel, the two-humped Bactrian
camel of Central Asia and the one-
humped dromedary of Arabia have
long been used for transport. The
Bactrian camel has plodded along
the caravan routes between China
and Iran for at least 2,000 years. It
is also used to draw carts. The
dromedary, which has less
endurance but it, us fleeter and
special fast-paced riding camel, is
bred by the Arab nomads.
9. Yak – A long-haired
type of cattle that lives at
high altitudes on the
Tibetan plateau and in
the neighboring Mountain
Regions is ridden and
used as a pack animal at
heights were horses and
ordinary animal could no
survive.
C. WIND POWER – Man realized the energy from
the mass moving air and learned to utilized such
powers to lift rather than to drag. This paved way
to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.
1. Ancient Chinese Kite – Kites have been
flown as a popular past time in the Far East
since the beginning of the history. Based on a
Korean tradition, the kite was first used for
transport when a Korean general employed on
in bridge building. By means of a kite, a cord
was conveyed across the river where heavier
ropes were fastened and finally the bridge
cable. In the late 10th century, several
European armies experimented with kites in
transporting men.
2. Da Vinci’s Ornithopter – The great renaissance
artist, scientist and engineer, Leonardo da Vinci,
made study of the flight of the birds and his
notebooks sketched a number of ornithopter (a.k.a
orthopter) which derives it principal support and
propelling from flapping wings like those of a bird.
It was not until the 19th century that rigid wings
were envisaged.
3. Montgolfier Balloon – The Montgolfier brothers of
France Joseph Michel and Jacques Entienne have
successfully released several balloons when they
proposed to use two condemned prisoners for the first
ascent with passengers. Pilatre de Rozier, a natural
historian protested this and claimed the honor for
himself. In 1783, he and the Marquis d’ Arlanoes beme
the first men to make a free balloon ascent.The balloon
constructed of linen and inflated with hot air traveled
9,000 yards and remained in the air for 20 minutes.
4. Siemens’ Rocket Plane – Ernst Werner Von
Siemens who later achieved fame as an electric
industrialist, in 1847 designed rocket plane which
was to be propelled by the explosive force of
gunpowder. Similarly, Siemens’ rocket plane was
never carried beyond the design stage.
5. Lilienthal Glider – Otto Lilienthal, a German
inventor who also made a study of the flight of
birds and experimented with ornithopter, going
so far as to build a model onithopter. His chief
work was with gliders. However, in 1891, he
made the first of a number of a glider flights
which were to exert a profound influence on the
development of aviation.
6. Santos Dumonts’ Airship – One of the pioneers of
lighter-than-air craft was Alberto Santos Dumont, a
Brazilian who experimented with the steam-powered
balloons in Paris. He made his first balloon ascent in
1897 and in 1898 completed the construction of his
first airship. He, then built several other airships and
in 1901, made a 30-minute around trip flight between
St. Louis and the Eiffel Tower.
7. Wright Brother’s Flying Machine – Inspired by
Lilienthal’s glider experiments, Orville and Wilbur
Wright began studying the problems of heavier-than-air
flight. They built biplane kite then over 200 different
wing types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their
own invention, before they conducted their first man-
carrying powered machine. This flew successfully at
Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on Dec. 17, 1903. By 1909,
airplane became sufficiently accepted to justify
beginning commercial manufacture of the machine.
8. Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis – Following the initial
flight of the Wright brothers’ airplane, the development
of aviation was rapid. The first airmail was delivered in
1911 and World War I gave an impetus to plane design
and the training of pilots. During the 1920’s, many new
records were set. A feat which particularly captured
popular imagination was the first solo flight from New
York to Paris, made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May
1927 in a plane especially built for the flight, the Spirit of
St. Louis.
Air transportation offers traveling in lesser time
but the cost is beyond reach of most common
people. Notwithstanding the inaccessibility of
most places if traveling is done through the air
even by water transportation. With no choice left,
man is left conceiving and inventing land
transportation facilities.
WHEELED VEHICLES AND ROAD
HISTORY
A.WHEEL WAS INVENTED PROBABLY IN
WESTERN ASIA - SUCH INVENTION WAS A
MILESTONE AND A GREAT STEP FORWARD IN
TRANSPORTATION. HOWEVER A PIECES OF
EVIDENCE WERE FOUND BY ARCHEOLOGISTS
THAT WHEEL COULD HAVE BEEN
SIMULTANEOUSLY INEVNTED IN SOUTHWEST
ASIA AND MESOPOTAMIA.
LJUBLJANA MARSHES WOODEN WHEEL- THIS IS
THE OLDEST WHEEL EVER FOUND IN EUROPE OR
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD. THIS WAS
DISCOVERED BY TWO SLOVENE
ARCHEOLOGISTS IN APRIL 2002 IN THE
LJUBLJANA MARSHES IN SLOVENIA.
1.SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE- THIS ANCIENT
CART REPRESENT AN EARLY STEP IN THE
EVOLUTION OF WHEELED VEHICLES.
2.SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEELS -
THIS CHARIOT, OF ABOUT 2400 B.C., HAD SOLID
WHEELS BUILT UP OF THREE PIECES, AND SO
WAS MORE DURABLE THAN THE ONE-PIECE
WHEEL.
3.GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS - DEAWN
BY FOUR HORSES, WAS A LIGHT AND ELEGANT
VEHICLE FOR GENTLEMEN ABOUT 250 B.C.

.
4.ITALIAN COCCHIO, 1288 - A TRAVELLING WAGON IN
WHICH THE PASSENGERS WERE PROTECTED BY A
COVERING OF LEATHER OR CLOTH FIXED OVER A
WOODEN FRAMEWORK.
B.ANCIENT ROME - THE FOLLOWING ARE THE
ANCIENT WHEELED VEHICLES IN ANCIENT
ROME.
1.ARCERA - IT HAD FOUR WHEELS A COVER AND
WAS GENERALLY DRAWN BY TWO OR MORE
HORSES
2.ARCIMA - IT WAS A SMALL CONVEYANCE THAT
IS LARGE ENOUGH FOR ONLY ONE PERSON
3.BASTERNA - IT WAS COMMONLY USED BY
WOMEN WHEN TRAVELLING AND WAS BORNE BY
TWO MULES, ONE BEFORE AND ONE BEHIND
EACH HITCHED TO A SEPARATE PAIR OF PARTS.
4.BENNA - THIS FOUR WHEELED CONVEYANCE IS
MADE OF WICKER WORK AND WAS OF GALLIC
ORIGIN.
5.CARPENTUM - USED BY EARLY ROMANS IN AS
EARLY AS 500 B.C AND AS LATE AS 5TH
CENTURY OF CHRISTIAN ERA.
6.CARRUCA - THIS VEHICLE HAD FOUR WHEELS,
WITH THE FRONT ONES SMALLER THAN TWO
BEHIND.
7.CARRUS - A CART WITH TWO
WHEELS AND BOARDED SIDES.
8.CISIUM - A LIGHT OPEN VEHICLE OF GALILIC
ORIGIN, HAD TWO WHEELS AND ROOM FOR TWO
PERSONS.
9.PILENTUM - USED CHIEFLY BY WOMEN OF THE
UPPER CLASSES.
10.FOUR-WHEELED PLAUSTRUM - USUALLY EMPLOYED FOR
HEAVY BURDENS BUT WERE ALSO USED FOR TRAVELLING.
11.RAEDA - WAS COMMON AMONG THE ROMANS DURING
THE LAST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC.
12.SARRACUM - USED BY ANCIENT ROMAN
FARMERS AS A TRAVELLING VEHICLE FOR
THEMSELVES AND THEIR FAMILY.
13.TENSA - A SACRED VEHICLE ELABORATELY
ORNAMENTED WITH IVORY AND SILVER
C.WHEELED VEHICLES AND CARRIAGES - COULD
NOT USE THE NARROW PATHS AND TRAILS USED
BY PACK ANIMALS
D.THE ROMANS - WERE THE MAJOR ROAD
BUILDERS IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
E.JOHN L. MACADAM - DID NOT ABANDON THE THEORY
OF FEEDER ROAD BUILDING AND PERFECTED THE
MACADAMIZED ROAD IN ENGLAND ABOUT 1815.
F.AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS IN THE 5TH
CENTURY, LAND HAULAGE .
EVOLUTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION

Is of the greatest inventions that appeared for the last

three hundred years. The inventions in transaportation
came along with the numerous inventions during the
period of INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
A. STEAM ENGINE was pefected in the 1760’s by JAMES
WATT.
B. By the end of 18th century, french, Scottish, and
american inventors attempted to apply the steam
engine in water navigation.
FRENCHMAN JACQUES PERIER- built an
steamboat in 1775
ROBERT FULTON- launched the steamboat
clermont on the Hudson River in 1807.
SAVANNAH- crossed the Atlantic in 1819 and by
the 19th century, steam navigation replaced the
sailing vessels.
C. RAILROADS- horse-drawn wagons with wooden
wheels and rails had been used in English and
European mines during the 17th century.

RICHARD TREVITHICK – some other inventors

adapted the primitive steam locomotives to the
mine railway between 1797 and 1813.
GEORGE STEPHENSON – built and equipped the
32km stockton ang darlington railway, the first
public railway in the world powered by steam
locomotive which eventually began railroad
building in England.
UNITED STATES – although railroad began in England, it was
in the US where tremendous growth in rail transport system
occurred that by 1840 more than 4,800kms railroad were
already operating in the eastern states.
SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD VEHICLE
began with the adaption of COACH SPRING about
1650.
E. IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS
were so bad that the coaches could average only
about 4mph and the mail was usually carried by
boys on horses.
F. JOHN PALMER – introduced his first fast mail
coach in march of 1785 and by 1800, the English
coach system was in full swing.
G.THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE

In the early 19th century served as a nursery of

automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors
of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or
dan horse. The wheels were made of wood, with
tires of iron, and the riders pushed themselves
along with their feet on the ground.
KARL VON DRAIS – The german baron in 1817
introduced a steerable wheel, creating the
draisienne, or dandy horse.
KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN – in 1838 A scottish
blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals,
which were attache to and drove the rear wheel
by means of cranks.
H. MOTOR VEHICLE – first mode of transportation to
Challenge the railroads. The following are some of the
notable events leading to the invention of motorized
vehicles for road traffic.

FERDINAND VERBIEST – a jesuit missionary in china,

built the first steam-powered vehicle around 1672 as a
toy for the Chinese emperor.
NICOLAS JOSEPH CUGNOT – in 1870-71 he
demonstrated his fardier a vapeur(steam dray), an
experimental steam-driven artillery tractor.
WILLIAM MURDOCH – by 1784, had built a working
model of a steam carriage in redruth.
RICHARD TREVITHICK – in 1801, ran a full size
vehicle on the road in cambrone.
OLIVER EVANS – in 1789, was granted the first
automobile patent in the united states.
FRANCOIZ ISAA DE RIVAZ – in 1806 a swiss
engineer was built and engine powered by
internal combustion of a hydrogen and oxygen
mixture.
JOSEF BOZEK – in 1815 professor at prague
polytechnic, built an oil-fired steam car.
SAMUEL BROWN – in 1826 a englishman tested
his hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engineby
using it to propel a vehicle up to shooters hill in
southeast london.
WALTER HANCOCK – In 1838 built and operated
steam buses in london.
CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH SCHONTEIN – in 1838
discovered in principle the hydrogen fuel cell
(Diesel) , one of the technologies hailed as a
replacement for gasoline as an energy source for
cars.
CHARLES GOODYEAR – 1844 invented the
vulcanized rubber for tires.
ROBERT WILLIAM THOMSON –in 1845-46 invented
the first vulcanized rubber tire. His invention
worked well but was costly to produce.
JEAN JOSEPH ETIENNE LENOIR (1858)- also
known as JEAN J. LENOIR, a Belgian engineer
developed the internal combustion engine.
GASTON PLANTE (1859)- invented the lead acid
battery.
ANYOS JEDLIK (1828)- invented the electric
motor.
LENOIR’S HIPPOMOBILE (1860)- with a hydrogen
gas fuelled one cylindered internal combustion
engine made a test drive from paris to joinville le
pont, covering 9km in about 3 hours.
HENRY SETH TAYLOR(1867)- demonstrated his 4
wheeled steam buggy at the stanstead fair in
stanstead, quebec.
SIEGFRIED MARCUS (1870)- the Australian
inventor put a liquid-fuelled internal combustion
engine on a simple handcart which made him the
first man to propel a vehicle by means of gasoline
– known as the first marcus car.
DR. J.W. CARHATRT(1871)- invented the first
steam powered carriage – sized automobile
suitable for use on existing wagon roads in the
United States.
AMEDEE BOLLE(1873)- produced the first real
automobile – self propelled steam road vehicles to
transport groups of passengers.
GEORGE B. SELDEN (MAY 8, 1879)- filed for a
patent which included not inly the engine but its
use in a 4-wheeled car. He was finally granted on
november 5,1895.
ENRICO BERNARDI(1882)- patented a 0.024
horsepower 122cc one cylinder petrol motor,
fitting it into his son’s tricycle, making atleast a
candidate for the first automobile.

MARCUS(1883)- secured a german patent for a

low voltage ignition system of the magneto type.
EDOUARD DELAMARE-DEBOUTTEVILLE (1884)-
vehicle was patented and trialled.

KARL BENZ(1885)- built his first automobile in

Mannheim and he was granted a patent for his
automobile.
DAIMLER(1885)- built the first high speed internal combustion
engine.

FIRST PRODUCTION OF AUTOMOBILE(1888)- marked in

german by karl benz, and in france by emile roger.
GOTTLIEB DAIMLER and WILHELM
MAYBACH(1889)- design a vehicle from scratch to
an automobile.
PANHARD ET LAVASSOR OF FRANCE(1889)- was the
first company formed exclusively to build automobiles,
which also introduced ghe first four cylinder engine.
FIRST HORSELESS-CARRIAGE(1890)- appeared in
the U.S
CHARLES AND FRANK DURYEA(1893)- the brothers
founded the duryea motor wagon company, becoming
the first american automobile manufacturing company.
RUDOLF DIESEL(1893)- German inventor
developed the diesel engine also known as also
known as a compression-ignition engine.
ANDREA MICHELIN(1895)- was the first person to
use pneumatic tires on automobile tires but not
successful.
NESSELSDORFER WAGENBAU LATER NAMED
TATRA(1897)- produced the first motor car in central
europe and one of the first factory-made cars in world.
HENRY FORD(1908)- introduced the model T.
PHILIP STRAUSS(1911)- invented the first successful
automobile tire with an air filled inner tube.
WANKEL FELIX(1956)- a german mathematician
developed an advance type of engine named after him
that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines.
To date, man continuously manusfacture large
cargo trucks and buses for mass transportation.
Presently, the introduction of the ligth trail
transit or LRT, the metro rail transit or MRT,
flyover, pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock
shed and other modern traffice ways contributed
to the expeditious movement of traffic users.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Overview
This module presents the various endeavors of the
government for a systematic traffic management. Further,
it discusses the different areas of traffic management as
well as the role of government and non-government
agencies responsible for traffic management. To
understand better this module, it is divided into:
Lesson 1. Fundamentals of Traffic Management
Lesson 2. The Pillars of Traffic
Lesson 3. Traffic Safety Education
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Concept : traffic management is the best

understood by understanding the following
commonly used words and terminologies.

Arterial highways/roads: these are high-capacity

urban roads that direct traffic from collector
roads to expressways or free ways. It also refers
to a hihgways that is used primarily by through
traffic.
COLLECTOR HIGHWAY: It is also known as collector road or
distributor road which connects low-to-moderate highways or
roads to arterial highways such as those entering residential
properties. It also refers to a highway that serves primarily to
funnel traffic from one local highway to another or between
arterials and local highways.
HIGHWAY: it means the entire width between the boundary lines
of every way dedicated to a public authority when any part of
the way is open to the use of the public for purposes of
vehicular traffic,whether or not the public authority is
maintaining the way. Or, highway refers to any roads, streets,
boulivards, or avenues used as public thoroughfare.
Management: it refers to the skillful use of
means to accomplish a purpose.

Operation: pertains to course or series of act to

effect a certain purpose;manner of action;or a
vital or natural process of activity.

Roadway: refers to that part of the Traffic way

over which motor vehicles pass, for purposes of
construction,repair, and /or maintenance,roads
are classifie
1. National Roads – these are roads/streets
interconnecting provences and/ or cities.

2. Provincial Roads – these are roads/streets

interconecting municipalities and/or cities within
a province.
3. City Roads – these are roads/streets
interconnecting barangays with a city.

4. Municipal Roads – these are roads/streets

interconnecting barangay within a municipality.
5. Barangay roads – these are roads/streets
located within a barangay which connect sitios or
places within a barangay.

Shoulder: it refers to either side of the roadways

especialy along highways.

Sidewalk – it refers to the paved walkway along

the side of a street. It also means the area
determined asfallows:
(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder , a sidewalk is that
portion of the highway between the outside lateral line of the shoulder
and the adjacent property line capable of being used by a pedestrian.

(2) on the side a highway which has no shoulder, a sidewalk is that

portion of the highway between the lateral line of
The roadway and the adjacent property line capable of being used by
apedestrian.

Through highway. It means every highway or portion thereof on which

vehicular traffic given the right of way, and at the entrance to which
vehicular traffic from intersecting highways is required by law to yield
Right of way to vehicles on such through highway
in obedience to either an authorized stop sign or
yield sign,or other official traffic control device.

Thruway or throughway: it is a highway that has

limited entrances and exits such as the
expressways,freeways,or motorways,it is known
as outobahn in german-speakingcountries and
Autostrada in Italian-speaking countries .
Traffic: it refers to the movement of
persons,goods,orvehicles,either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn from one place to another for the
purpose of travel. Early 16th century. Via obsolete French
trafique from old Italian traffico
From trafficare to carry on trade, of uncertain origin.

Traffic way: refers to the entire width between boundary lines of

every way or place of which any part is open to the used of the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or
custom. It is also synonymous to public way.
iThe intersection: in most American state
laws,intersection is defined as the area embraced
within the prolongation or connection of the
lateralcurb lines ,or,if none,then the lateral
boundary lines of the roadway of two highways
which join one another at,or approximately
at,right agles,or the area within wich vehicles
Traveling upon different highways joining at any
other angles may come in conflict. It is
synonymous to crossroads junctions,or crossings,
in a simpler language,intersection refers to the
area of a roadway created when two or more
roadways join together at any angle,as described
in one of the following.
(1) If the roadways have curbs,the intersection is
the area embraced within the prolongation or
connection of the lateral curbs lines.
(2) if the roadways do not have curbs, the
intersection is the area EMBRACED WITHIN THE
PROLONGATION OR CONNECTION OF THE
LATERAL BOUNDARY LINES OF THE ROADWAYS.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS
ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF INTERSECTING
ROAD:

1.3WAYS INTERSECTION- IT IS COMMOMLY

KNOWN AS THE T OR Y CROSSROAD WHICH
LINKS THREE ROADS.
2. 4-WAYS INTERSECTION – IT IS THE MOST
COMMON TYPE WICH INVOLVED THE CROSSING
OF TWO ROADWAYS.IT IS IETHER A
PERPENDICULAR AND IT IS CALLED SKEWED
INTERSECTION WHEN THE TWO ROADS CROSS
AT DEFFERENT ANGLES.
3.5-WAYS INTERSECTION- IT INVOLVES THE
CROSSING OF FIVE ROADS THIS TYPE IS THE
LEAST COMMON.
4. 6-WAYS INTERSECTION – IT INVOLVES THE
CROSSING OF THREE STREETS MOST OFTEN
TWO PERPENDICULAR ROADS AND ONE
DIAGONAL ROAD.THIS TYPE IS VERY RARE.
5. STAGGED INTERSECTION – IT INVOLVES TWO
SUCCESSIVE T CROSSING.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDING
TO TRAFFIC CONTROL:

1.CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT IS
CONTROLLED BY ANY TRAFFIC CONTROL
DEVICES.
A. YIELD-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT IS
USUALLY CONTROLLED BY A YIELD SIGN OR
GIVE WAY SIGN.
B. STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION- A STOP
SIGN IS USUALLY INSTALLED. MOST COMMON
ARE THE TWO WAYS STOPS AN MOST
COUNTRIES USE THE FOUR-WAYS STOPS OR THE
FIRST-TO STOP FIRST TO GO RULE .
C. TRAFFIC CIRCLE- TRFFIC FLOW HERE
DIRECTED BY A CIRCLE,ROTARY ISLAND, OR A
RUNABOUT SIGN.
2.UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION- THIS
INTERSECTION HAS NO TRAFFIC SIGNALS OR
TRAFFIC SIGNS.CROSSINGS IS BY OBSERVING
THE RIGHT OF WAY RULE.
3.BOX JUNCTION- THIS TYPE GENERALY
PROHIBITS ENTRY UNLESS THE EXIT IS CLEAR.
4. CLOVERLEAF- A HIGHWAY INTERCHAGE AT
WICH TWO HIGHWAYS,ONE CROSSING OVER THE
OTHER,HAVE A SERIES OF ENTRANCE AND EXIT
RAMPS RESEMBLINGS THE OUTLINE OF A FOUR-
LEAF CLOVER AND ENABLING VEHICLES TO
PROCEED IN IETHER DIRECTION ON EITHER
HIGHWAYS.
IT IS THE INHERENT CHARACTERESTECS OF
THE INTERSECTION AS THE POINT WHERE TWO
OR MORE STREETS,ROADS,OR HIGHWAY.
MET WHICH ATTRIBUTED TO MOST TRAFFIC PROBLEMS OR CONFLICTS.
IT GOES WITH IT THAT WHEN MOTOR VEHICLES CROSS EACH OTHERS
PATH,INTERLOCKING OF TRAFFICT FLOWS OR SOMETIMES COLLISIONS
OCCUR BECOUSE OF OCCUPYING THE SPACE AT ONE GIVEN TIME.
WHAT IS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT?
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS THE APPLICATION OF THE PROCESSES AND
SKILLS IN PLANNING
ORGANIZING,STAFFING,DIRECTING,COORDINATING,AND BUDGETING TO
TRAFFIC AFFAIRS.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ALSO REFERS TO THE AVTIVITIES
UNDERTAKEN BY A HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION AGENCY TO IMPROVE
ROADWAYS SYSTEM SAFETY, EFFICIENCY,AND EFFECTIVENESS FOR BOTH
PROVIDERS AND CONSUMERS OF TRANSPORTATION SERVICES.CONSEDERING
THESE TWO DEFINITIONS, IT CAN BECONCLUDED THAT TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
IS FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF TRAFFIC EFFICIENCY.
TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: THE TWO
DISTINCT TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ARE
THE USED OR UTILIZATIONOF:

1) traditioanal traffic engeering tools or devices

,to regulate or control traffic,such as traffic
lights,traffic signs.or pavement markings,traffic
islands,and other devices that could control or
direct the flow of traffic.
2) Advance technology like the intelegent
transportation system (its). Examples of its are
the installation of road sensors for emergency
cars global positioning devices on motor
vehicles,and road sensors attached to traffic
signal lights.

Why traffic management is necessary?

In very traffic management, three elements are
necessary to be considered.
These are the road system ,road users,and the
enforcement procedures. Failure to coordinate
these elements in a particular highway and/or
intersection may couse traffic related problems.

A. major couses of traffic congestion- based on

studies conducted by authorities.
1. Physical Inadequacy- this is charactirized by
lack of roads,narrow bridges,railroad
crossings,lack of traffic facilities,etc.

2.Poor Control Measure – this charactirized by

ineffective mechanical control devices
inefficients traffic officers,and poor
implementation of traffic laws,rules and
regulation.
3. Human Errors- many traffic congestion are
coused by slow drivers or poor driving habbits
,pedestrian mistakes,officers error,poor
planning ,poor legislation and traffic accedents
which are mostly attributes to human errors.

4. Poor Maintenance- oftentimes motor vehicles

are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired
diggings,cracks on road pavement or unfinished
road pavement concreting.
Specific traffic problems- traffic managers and
traffic control officers commonly encounter the
following traffic related problems.

1.Traffic Build-up – it is characterized by the

gradual increasing of traffic users in a given
portion of the highway.

2.Traffic Congestion – these are condistionon road

networks that occurs
As use increase and is charactirized by slower
speeds.

3.Traffic Jams – these are situations in highways

in which the movement of traffic users is very
slow or stationary.

4.Bottleneck – these are narrow points or areas in

highways where traffic congestion or traffic jams
usually occur.
5. Gridlock – a state or condistion of severe road
congestion arising when contenous queues of
vehicles block entire network of intersecting
streets.

6.Accidents – these are events or incidents which

may couse unintentional damage to property,loss
of limbs,and/or death.

7.Collisions – these are incidents or instances of

one moving traffic unit or person striking violently
against another.
Scopes of traffic management. In connection with the above stated causes
of congestion,authorities conceived that a systematic and effective traffic
management is needed which includes but not limited to the following.

1.allpublic surface facilities traversing and all types of conveyances for

the movement of persons and things.
2. All agencies having responsibilities for
ascertaining traffic flows
requerments,planning,approving,funding,construc
tion and/or maintaining THESE PUBLIC
FACILITIES FOR SUCH MOVEMENTS.

3.ALL AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR

LICENSING,APPROVING,RESTRICTING,STOPPING
,PROHIBITING OR CONTROLLING THE USE OF
LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE (LTO) AND
OTHER TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES.
AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT.

1.DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND

COMMUNICATION(DOTC). LAND TRANSPORTATION
OFFICE(LTO) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LAND
TRANSPORTATION CODE FOR THE PHILIPINES (R.A.4136)
LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND REGULATORY
BOARD.(LTFRB) AND CONDUCTING TRAFFIC SAFETY
SEMINARS.

2.CITY MUNIPAL ENGEENERS OFFICE – IN THE LOCAL LEVEL,

THESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC FACILITIES
WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY.
3.DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND HIGHWAYS(DPWH) THIS IS THE MAIN
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
PLANNING,CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC FACILITIES.

4.LEGESLATIVE . THE LEGISLATIVE BODIES ARE NOT ONLY RESPONSIBLE FOR

THE PASSING OR AMMENDMENTS OF LAW CONCERNING TRAFFIC BUT ALSO
THEY ARE INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING APPROVALOF GOVERMENTS PROJECTS.
5.PHILIPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) THE PNP
THROUGH ITS HIGHWAY PATROL GROUP(hpg)
(tmc) is responsible primarily for direct
enforcement traffic laws.

6.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS(TMBS)

-these are officer created mostly under the offices
of city municipal mayors with the primary task of
assisting the local pnp traffic divisions units in
the enforcement of the traffic ordinance/laws.
7.ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS – SCHOOL BOTH
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE BASIC TRAFFIC EDUCATION BY
INTEGRATING IN THEIR RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS
AND CURRICULUM SUBJECTS OR TOPICS IN
TRAFFIC SAFETY.
8.COURTS – THE COURTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC-RELATED
CASES FILED BEFORE THEM.
9.PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES- THE
GOVERMENTS THROUGH THE PHILIPINE
INFORMATION AGENCY (PIA)PROVIDES THE
NECESSARY UPDATES INFORMATION TO THE
PUBLIC.
10.BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM
(BPAT) MEMBERS. IN PARTICULAR THE
BARANGAY TANODS OR BARANGAR SECURITY
FORCERS ARE THE USUALY TRAFFIC CONTROL
IN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY AREA.
PARTICULARLY DURING TIME OF EMERGENCY.
11.CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS. THE PRIVATE
INSTITUTION OR ORGANIZATION ALSO HELP IN
THE PREVENTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION BY
ASSISTING GOVERNMENT OFFICESIN VARIUOS
ACTIVITY.PARTICULARLY DURING SPECIAL
OCCATION AND HOLIDAYS WHERE TRAFFIC
PROBLEM IS HAPPEN.
12.TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE INTERNET).
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE OWNED
PUBLICATIONS AND RADIO AND TELEVESION
BROADCASTING COMPANIES PROVIDE
NRCESARRY AND UPDATES TRAFFIC RELATED
INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC THROUGH THEIR
RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS.
WITH THE PROCCEDING A SUCCESSFUL TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT IS NOT THE SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE GOVERMENTS BUT
RATHER A CONCERTED EFFORT BETWEEN THE
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS.
The Pillars of Traffic
Concept
A. Pillar of Traffic. These are the main areas of traffic managements which are also known as the “Es” of Traffic. For a clearer understanding of the various
areas of traffic management, following pillars are conceived.

1. Traffic Engineering – It is the science of measuring traffic and travel of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of this
knowledge to the professional practice planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation pf persons and goods
a) Functions of Traffic Engineering- Angencies
involved in traffic engineering usually perform the
following task:
1) Fact-finding, surveys and regulations of traffic
rules and regulations;
2) Supervisions and maintenance to thr application
of traffic controls divices; and
3) Planning of traffic regulations.
b) Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering –
Like the other pillars of traffic management, traffic
engineering is done by various government and
non-government agencies.
1) DPWH. Its scope is national which includes the
responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern,
draw origin, and destinations, studies of persons
and things, planning, approving funding and
constructions of;.
a) National Roads which interconnect cities and
municipalities; network of national roads through
cities and municipalities; and
b) Yearly maintenance and programs which includes
widening and re- designing of current road
systems.
2. Provincial Governments, these local government
units have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but
limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within
the province
3. Municipal Governments. Their responsibilities are
similar to the provincial government but limited to
the network of streets and roads within the
barangays
4. Chartered Cities. Their responsibilities are similar
to that of the municipal government but limited to
the network of streets and roads within the cities
C. Objectives of traffic Engineering. In summary,
agencies and individuals in traffic engineering
and all the conducted programs, projects, and
activities are all geared to:
1) To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
2) To prevent traffic accident.
3) To simplify police enforcement actions and
performance.
4) To show that good police actions and
performsnce makes engineering plans effective.
5) To present the close relationship of the pillars of
traffic in the improvement of traffic problems.
b. When and where the Objectives of traffic
Engineering applied?. Traffice engineers
normally focused their task on places where
traffic congestions, traffic accidents, traffic
build-up, or traffic obstructions are likely to
occur-
1. Habitually congested commercial areas.
2. Heavily travelled thoroughfares.
3. Congested local areas and intersections.
4. During specials occasions and events.
5. During disasters or emergencies.
6. At school crossing.
e. Methods in Achieving the Objectives of Traffic
engineering, traffic engineers’ primary consideration is
the construction of traffic ways, However, before a
plan or design framed-up, various factors are given into
account.
(1.)Planning and Geometric Design-Factor Employed in
Planning.
(a). Compositions of traffic streams.
(b.) Traffic volumes for capacity.
(c) Origin destination.
(3) Regulation and Control-Traffic Regulations
(a.) Based and confined within the boundaries of
safety, public welfare and convenience.
(b.) limitations imposed on road use and conduct.
(c) Basic general rules use and conduct.
(d) Prohibition and Restrictions.
2. Traffic Education. It refers to any act or process of imparting or
acquiring general knowledge on traffic or any matters relating to
the use of the traffic way or road ways. Traffic safety is the primary
concern of traffic education in the are of accident reduction and
prevention. The following are agencies and offices responsible for
traffic education:
a. Schools (Public and Private) Traffic education can be carried out
by imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety, and
developing traffic safety morality.
(1) Elementary. In this level, traffic education is focused on safety
and guides stressing traffic safety, classroom discussions of
accidents, incidents and safety rules, organizing safety patrols.
(2) Secondary. Traffic education for high schools students is
geared towards school safety organizations
(3) Higher Education. Some colleges and universities offer and
conduct courses regarding traffic safety subjects.
b. Public information Programs. The public should
be informed on all activities affecting the citizens
and the community relating to traffic
(dissemination of information). This can be done
through the public information agency,
newspapers radio and television broadcasting
networks, and other forms of media.
c. Citizen Support Groups. These are mostly
composed by voluntary non-government
organizations (NGOs), radio communication
groups, rotary organizations and other voluntary
clubs. These organizations usually develop
citizen’s responsibilities, conduct organized
educational campaign, instill awareness of the
traffic problems; and provide informarion
regarding major traffic requirements and needs.
3. Traffic Enforcement. This field deals mostly on the
implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and
rules and regulations, The following are the various
agencies/officies that are involved in enforcement of
traffic law:
a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This office is
responsible for the following:
(1.) Vehicle registration
(2) Vehicle Inspections
(3) Drivers Licensing (examanations, suspensions,
and revocations)
(4) Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.
b. Legislative Bodies. Included are the Senate
Congress, provincial Boards, and City and Municipal
Councils. They are responsible for the passing and/or
amending of laws and/or ordinances.
c. Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is not
limited to the PNP-HPG (formerly TMG) but it
includes all government personnel who are duly
authorized for the direct enforcement of trffic laws
such as:
(1)The Metropolitan manila Development Autority
(MMDA) for the National Capital Region (NCR).
(2)Police/Traffic Auxiliaries
(3) LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad
4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment. This pillar
is very recent which includes the study of potentially
disastrous population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale of density of new
urban concentration and new activities carried out,
air pollution, water pollution and crowding,
especially transport congestion which result therein.
a. What are the environmental effects of the
urbanization of transportation? Any decision in
modernizing the transportation system shall
consider the following environmental effects:
(1.) Noise. The ill effect of noise is one of the major
considerations in the evaluation of the consequences
of traffic urbanization to the environment. The level of
Noise inside and outside a dwelling is an important
indicator of the quality of life. The exact influence of
traffic noise on human behavior is not well
understood. It is known that continued exposure to
noise level beyond 80 dBA (decibel annually) causes
loss of hearing. Average background noise:
(a) Typical home- 40 to 50 dBA;
(b) Heavy trucks- 90 dBA at 15m/ft;
(c) Freight trains- 75 dBA at 15m/ft;
(d) Air conditioning-60 dBA at 6m/ft.
(2) Vibration. Effect can be severe, particularly
when there are heavy trucks and when the
building is old. While there are subjective coats
from experiencing vibration, a minimum cost of
damage or prevention can be established from
experience and experiment.
(3) Air Pollution. It is one of the more difficult
problems because of the complexity of the issues
involved. The effects of pollution are also strongly
affected by meteorological and even by micro-
climate.
(4) Dirt. These are foul filthy substances related
to motor vehicle use such as empty can of oild,
grease materials, etc.
(5) Visual Intrusion. This can have positive as well
as negative effects. If a motor way blots out an
unsightly prison or railway yard, it may have
positive benefits. On the other hand, the
appearance of an elevated expressway or railway
above a neighbourhood is one of the aspects most
frequently complained of, in general visual
intrusion can be avoided by putting a highway or
railway at grade of in cutting. In many cases,
there may be cheaper solution.
(6) Loss of Privacy. Loss of privacy from drivers
and others being able to look at one’s house and
garden frequently disliked environment effect.
Walls and earthworks would prevent this, while at
the same time reducing noise.
(7) Changes in Amount of Light. It is easier up to a point
because part of disadvantages can be valued in term of
the additional lighting costs of those affected. But, there
is probably a psychological element also which it would
not be easy or perhaps necessary, to disentangle where
relevant from the last two items.
(8) Neighbourhood Severance, both physical and
sociological. This can partly be quantified in terms of
changed travel time and costs, and accident experience
to pedestrians and traffic.
(9)Relocation. There must be programs that are designed
to cover compensation for those who relocate as a
consequence of transport investment, whether property
owner or tenants. The people relocated will tend to be
decentralized as will as those sufficiently affected by the
environment consequences to refer to move.
(10) Distraction during planning and construction.
In some cases, benefits offset the distraction
cost, which are experienced by people during
construction of new facilities, loss of business,
excess noise, dirt, vibration during constructing
and excess journey costs through diversions
because of building.
(11) Accident Experiences. These are evaluated
by well established procedures of which perhaps
the only major controversial aspect is the
valuation given to human life. A certain amount is
known about differences in accident experience
on different roads and in different circumstances.
(12) Pedestrian journey. The opportunity to make
the roads safe and enjoyable for pedestrians and
efficient for vehicles; and set of roads provided
access to dwelling and designed primarily for the
safety of pedestrians.
(13)Congestion and Other benefits to vehicle. It is
for livable and safe residential environment by
reducing “through’ vehicle travel, Travel must be
made convenient. Highway diversion curves
indicate that 80 percent of the traffic will take a
route that is 20 percent faster. Vehicle travel time
is made up of three components; free flowing
travel, stop time and acceleration or deceleration.
b. External Factors that influence the existing and
future behaviour of population. The behaviors and
attitudes of the people are also attributed to the
easing or reduction of traffic problems. Below are
incidents that may affect the behavior of the
trafficway users or road users
(1) Rapidly increasing population growth.
(2) Rapidly increasing urbanization.
(3) Rapidly increasing motorization.
(4) Industrialization and technical modernization.
(5) Improvement of the transportation network
that is the street network and the public
transportation facilities.
c. Alternatives. A more pleasant environment can
be achieved without negative implication for
economy and trade, so that any reasonable step
in this direction by decision-makers deserves
support. The following are some of the proposed
activities that may reduce the adverse effects of
traffic development to our ecology:
(1) Towns are better with less traffic, so long as
adequate provision is made for the mobility of
workers and residents and the distribution of
goods. It is of urgent necessity that National
and Local Government develop efforts to
reduce the adverse effects of motor traffic in
urban areas.
(2) Where and when traffic congestion and its cost
are serve and frequent, assures to reduce the
use of private cars and goods. Vehicles and to
improve alternative forms of transport should
be introduce.
(3) To limit traffic and to improve the efficiency
and quality of service of buses and transport.
(4) Pedestrian scheme should be introduced
whenever possible to improve the environment
and safety for pedestrians.
(5) The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles
should be encouraged like bicycle whenever
practical.
(6) Motor Vehicle reduction scheme should also
be Introduced.
d. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology
(1) P.D. 1181 Providing for the prevention. Control
and abatement of air pollution from motor
vehicles and for other purposes.
“Sec.1 –The purpose is to prevent, control, and
abate the emission of air pollutants from motor
vehicles in order to protect the health and welfare
of the people and to prevent or minimize damage
to property and hazards to land transportation”
(2) Letter of instruction No. 551. Directing the law
enforcement agencies to implement the pollution
control program.
(3) R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air
Act. An act providing for the regulation of motor
vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use of the
diesel and leaded gasoline.
5. Traffic Economy. This is the most recent of the
pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and
adverse effects of traffic to our economy.
Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite
the movement of traffic. However, with the
prevailing traffic congestion during rust hours in
any given locality, traffic adversely affects the
economic status of the commuting public.
One aspect affecting our economy is the unending
increase of oil prices in the world market.
Somehow, programs must be intituted in order to
minimize the ill effect of rising prices of basic
commodities. Delay resulting from traffic
congestion affects not only the time of travel but
the productivity of an individual as well.
TRAFFIC SAFETY
EDUACATION
What is Traffic Safety Education?

-process of training roads users in the avoidance

and prevention of traffic-related accidents.
Road Safety

-refers to reduced risk of accident or injury of the

roads
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents

1. Human errors include:

a. going too fast or excessive speed;
b. failing to give at junctions;
c. following too closely;
d. overtaking improperly
e. misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f. intoxication pf alcohol or drug; and
g. lack of skill.
2. Road deficiencies that are main
contributory factors are:

a. poor design of layout and control at junctions;

b. inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
c. slippery roads; and
d. obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on
going road construction, etc.
3. Main Vehicle Factors are:

a. defects in tires, brakes, and lights;

b. absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.
B. 5 Pillars of Traffic

1. Engineering (traffic engineering)

- construction and maintenance of traffic
facilities.
2. Education (in traffic safety)

 Road users are informed of the traffic laws,

rules and regulations, accidents are likely
PREVENTED.
3. Enforcement (of traffic rules)

 To minimize the occurrence of accidents due to

non-compliance of road users, ENFORCEMENT
must be conducted.
Ecology/Environment

 People should be educated regarding the

adverse effect of traffic to our environment.
Economy

 People should learn also develop schemes and

or devices and programs that do not only lessen
expenses but also accident –free.
C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;

2. Training and practice in the actual application
of traffic safety knowledge; and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.
D. Traffic Safety for Children

 Unsystematic and usually carried out in the

home through parental education.
 1. Elementary – pupils are discussing regarding
traffic safety.

 2. Secondary – this level initiates driver

education program because students have
reached the age to drive.

 3. Higher Education – some universities and

colleges offer and conduct courses to private
and public agencies regarding traffic safety
subjects.
E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults

 Safety education for elder pedestrians and

drivers is relatively easier compared to the
education designed for young children.
F. Driver’s Education

 In general, driver instruction aims primarily to

teach the rudiments of driving.
G. (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods

 1. Comprehensive – this method places the student into real

life of driving situations from the beginning.
 2. Traditional Instruction – depends on instructor-student
communication.
 3. Commentary Conditions – the student-driver accompanied
by an instructor.
 4. Simulated Conditions – On and Off the road training
a. Partial Simulation Method - aim is to train for the
“subtasks”
b. Global Simulation - Training in basic car-control skills
c. Classifications of films – provides an “objective”
analysis of the driving situation.
H. Essential Component of Driving Tasks

1. Collections of in formation which includes:

a. Perceptual Scanning and
b. Identification
2. Processing of Information which includes:
a. Predicting
b. Decision making
3. Action which is focused on:
a. Motor skills and control of vehicles and
b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.
I. Biorhythm

1. The
diurnal exchange of light and
darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
The following are the most controversial
theory of biorhythm;

 1. 23 day cycle - a.k.a. our cycle of strength,

endurance and courage (male component of a
person).
 2. 28 day – a.k.a. our cycle sensitivity, love and
intuition (female component of a person)
 3. 33 day intellectual cycle
When the curve is above the center line,
the biorhythm is said to be “HIGH”

 1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic,

strong, full of vitality.
 2. Emotional high - we tend to be creative,
artistic, cheerful and happy.
 3. Intellectual high – we are able to think
quickly and logically.
When the curve is above the center line,
the biorhythm is said to be “LOW”

 1. Physical low – we tend to tire quickly and to

succumb to illness easily.
 2. Emotional low – we feel moody, irritable, or
depressed.
 3. Intellectual low – this is called a critical day.
J. Importance of Biorhythm

 Give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a

certain day.
K. Safety Campaign

 This is a mass publicity aimed to make road

users behave more safely.
 Also known as the “propaganda” which may be
intended simply to inform.
JESSEL KEE S. PECONADA RAY DOMINICK T. CLAROS
RHAYAN T. QUIDO FLORMAE B. LUMAKANG
KEVIN MANCERA JEROME DELIO