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Chapter 1 Computer Architecture

The document discusses computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to the programmer, such as instruction set, while organization is how features are implemented internally. Architecture provides code compatibility, while organization can differ between versions. The document outlines the basic structure and functions of a computer system, including data processing, storage, movement, and control. It describes the functional view and operations related to data movement, storage, and processing from storage to I/O. The document also discusses the top-level structure of a computer system and how the CPU, memory, and peripherals relate.

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KHAWAJA MANNAN
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175 views19 pages

Chapter 1 Computer Architecture

The document discusses computer architecture and organization. It defines architecture as the attributes visible to the programmer, such as instruction set, while organization is how features are implemented internally. Architecture provides code compatibility, while organization can differ between versions. The document outlines the basic structure and functions of a computer system, including data processing, storage, movement, and control. It describes the functional view and operations related to data movement, storage, and processing from storage to I/O. The document also discusses the top-level structure of a computer system and how the CPU, memory, and peripherals relate.

Uploaded by

KHAWAJA MANNAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Architecture

Hamayun khan (PhD Scholar)


Superior University, Lahore
[email protected]
CHAPTER # 1
Introduction
Architecture & Organization

 Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer


 Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing
techniques
 e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
 Organization is how features are implemented
 Control signals, interfaces, memory technology
 e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization

 All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture


 The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture

 This gives code compatibility


 At least backwards
 Organization differs between different version
Structure & Function

 Structure is the way in which components relate to each other


 Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
Function

 All computer functions are:


 Data processing
 Data storage
 Data movement
 Control
Functional View
Operations - Data movement
Operations - Storage
Operation - Processing from/to storage
Operation - Processing from storage to I/O
Structure - Top Level
Peripherals Computer

Central
Processing Main
Unit Memory

Computer Systems
Interconnection

Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure - The CPU
CPU

Computer Arithmetic
and
Registers
I/O Login Unit

System CPU
Bus
Internal CPU
Memory Interconnection

Control
Unit
Structure - The Control Unit

Control Unit

CPU
Sequencing
ALU Logic
Control
Internal
Unit
Bus
Control Unit
Registers Registers and
Decoders

Control
Memory
System Level Decisions

 Design at CPU, memory and interconnect level


 Important to application performance
 Speeds constrained by
 IC pin count
 Module connector pin count
 Signaling rates
 Application-specific
System Level Decisions

 Driven by
 Cost/performance goals
 Available component technology
 Technology constraints
 Backwards compatibility needs (709-7090-360)
Computer System Performance

 CPU execution time


 FP arithmetic
 Integer arithmetic
 Branches/procedure calls
 Main memory bandwidth
 I/O performance
 Transfer bandwidth
 Latency
 Polygons/pixels per sec.
Overview of a Motherboard
Central Processing Unit

 The CPU or microprocessor performs the following tasks in a computer system


 Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems
 Simple arithmetic and logic operations
 Program flow via simple decisions
 Although these are simple tasks, but through them, the microprocessor performs
virtually any series of operations or tasks
 Data are operated upon from the memory system or internal registers.
 Data width are variable and include
 Byte (8-bits)
 Word (16-bits)
 Double word (32-bits)

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