Information Resources Information Systems
Information Resources Information Systems
Chapter 18
Information Resources
Information Systems
18-1
Copyright 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Information Resources Include:
Specialists
– Systems analysts, programmers, database administrators,
network specialists, operations personnel, and others
Hardware
Software
Users
Data Represents a large
organizational
Information investment!
18-2
Information Specialists
18-3
A Functional Organization Structure
for Information Services
CIO
Programmers Programmers
18-4
Information Resources
18-5
Model of an IRIS
Input subsystems
– AIS
– Information resources research
– Information resources intelligence
Output subsystems
– Hardware
– Software
– Human resources
– Data and Information
– Integrated resource
18-6
A Model of an Information Resources
Information System
Hardware
subsystem
Accounting
information Software
system subsystem
sources
Internal
Database
Information Human resources
Environmental sources
Data and
information
Information
subsystem
resources
intelligence
subsystem Integrated
resource
subsystem
18-7
Information Resources
Research Subsystem
Describes functions involved in special research
projects within the firm
Performed by systems analysts interacting with
users
18-8
Information Resources Intelligence
Subsystem
Describes functions involved in gathering
information from elements in the firm’s environment
– Government
– Suppliers
– Labor unions
– Global community
– Customers
– Competitors
18-9
CIO Responsibilities
Can be top-level executive who participates on executive
and MIS steering committee
Contributes to strategic planning for firm and IS
functions
Primary source of leadership for:
– Achieving and maintaining information quality
– Keeping information resources secure
– Planning for contingencies
– Keeping information costs under control
18-10
Achieving Quality Products and
Services
1) Identify IS customers
– MIS steering committee
– Use of a formal system works best
2) Define customer quality needs
– Product quality needs
– Service quality needs
18-11
IS Takes Six Basic Steps in
Achieving Quality Management
1 Identify IS customers
Implement IS quality
5 programs
6 Monitor IS quality
performance
18-12
Comparison of How IS and Middle-Level
Manager-Users Perceive Product Quality
Perceived Value
Dimension IS User Aggregate
Accurate 4.91 4.88 4.89
Trusts output 4.90 4.86 4.87
Works as specified 4.75 4.73 4.73
User friendly 4.50 4.75 4.68
Relevant 4.59 4.53 4.53
Fast response time 4.12 4.55 4.42
Meets all user needs 4.22 4.48 4.41
No downtime 3.96 4.25 4.16
Delivered on time 3.80 4.16 4.05
Has user documentation 4.21 3.93 4.01
Can be changed quickly 3.84 4.04 3.98
Delivered on budget 3.45 3.67 3.61
Low cost of operation 3.19 3.49 3.40
Has programmer documentation 3.74 3.23 3.39
Uses new technology 3.04 3.28 3.21
18-13
Achieving Quality Products
and Services [cont.]
3) Establish quality metrics
– Information product quality
– Information service quality
4) Define the IS quality strategy
– Recruiting and training
– User-oriented systems development
» Market analysis
» Product acceptance analysis
» Task analysis
» Prototype tests
» Operational Systems tests
18-14
Basic Competencies Expected
of IS Job Applicants
2. Conduct a product
4. Analysis phase acceptance analysis
Implementation
Conduct
phase
operational
system tests
3.
Design Conduct a
phase task analysis
Conduct
prototype tests 18-16
Achieving Quality Products
and Services [cont.]
18-17
Security Objectives
Confidentiality
Availability
Integrity
18-18
Unauthorized Acts Threaten System Security Objectives
Unauthorized
Information use
Unauthorized
disclosure
and theft
Confidentiality
Availability Integrity
User Identification
Profiles
Authentication
Access Authorization
Audit
control
log
files
Software Report
Database
library writer
18-22
Vital Records Plan
Electronic vaulting
– Day end backup of files electronically
Remote journaling
– Transmission of transaction data as the transactions occur
– Used to update remote database in batch form later
Database shadowing
– Involves updating of duplicate database at remote site as
transaction occur
18-23
Cost-Reduction Strategies
Consolidation
– Reduces number of separate locations for
information resources
– Easiest to achieve in terms of information resources
– More difficult by end-user computing needs
18-24
Cost-Reduction Strategies [cont.]
Downsizing
– Migrating to smaller platforms
– Advantage of cost reduction
– Advantage of increased productivity with PCs
located in user areas
– Risk of lost security
18-25
Cost-Reduction Strategies [cont.]
Outsourcing
– Data entry and simple processing (editing,
formatting)
– Contract programming
– Facilities management (FM)
– Systems integration (SI)
– Support for maintenance, service, or disaster
recovery
18-26
Objectives of Outsourcing
18-27
Information Management in Three
Pacific Rim Countries
Countries were U.S., Korea, and Mexico
Centralization versus decentralization
– Most firms were centralized
CIO participation in strategic business planning
– CIO has a long way to go before achieving status as
a top-level executive
18-28
Information Management
in Three Pacific
Rim Countries [cont.]
Information systems planning
– Most firms have IS plan
– CIO is primarily responsible
Sharing information resources with users
– In general, CIOs support end-user computing trends
18-29
Proactive CIO Strategy
1) CIO must emphasize quality management of the IS
resource
2) Achieve strong user ties
3) Strengthen executive ties
4) Assemble an IS management team
5) Assemble staff competent in leading-edge
technologies and methodologies
6) Build an IRIS
18-30
The Future of the CIO
Business computing is moving from centralized to
decentralized computing in terms of:
– Equipment
– Development
– Decision making
CIO Roles
– Big brother
– Helping hand
– Watchdog
– Networker
18-31
Donovan’s Four Stages of Decentralized Computing
Centralized
D Network
Decentralized Watchdog
C
Decentralized
Development
B Helping hand
ing
a k
m
o n
isi
c
De Big brother
A
Centralized Decentralized
Equipment
18-32
Summary
Information resources located in IS are the
responsibility of the CIO
IRIS is used to manage information resources
within an organization
CIO must:
– Promote quality information products and services
– Ensure security of IS
– Prepare for disasters
18-33
Summary [cont.]
IS cost cutting considerations
– Consolidation
– Downsizing
– Outsourcing
CIO can be proactive
18-34