Mobile Computing COE 446

Wireless Multiple Access

Tarek Sheltami
KFUPM
CCSE
COE
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/tarek/coe446.htm

Principles of Wireless Networks

K. Pahlavan and P. Krishnamurth

04/19/21 1
 Outline
 CDMA capacity calculations
 With/without sectorization gain, voice of
active interference reduction factor and
interference increase factor
 Comparison of the Capacity of different
2G Systems

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 How many users can simultaneously use a
?CDMA System before the system collapses
 CDMA systems are implemented based on the
spread spectrum technology
 A spread spectrum transmitter spreads the
signal power over a spectrum N times wider
than the spectrum of the message
 An information BW of R occupies a
transmission of BW W
W= NR  (1)
 The spread spectrum receiver processes the
received signal with a processing gain of N

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 How many users can simultaneously use a
..?CDMA System before the system collapses
 During the processing at the receiver, the power of
received signal having the code of that particular
receiver will be increased N times beyond the value
before processing
 Let us consider a single cell with M simultaneous
users on the uplink channel
 Let us assume that we have an ideal power control
enforced on the channel, so that the received power
of signals from all MTs has the same value of P
 Then, the received power from the target user after
processing at the receiver is NP, and the received
power interference from M-1 other MTs is (M-1)P

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 How many users can simultaneously use a
..?CDMA System before the system collapses
 Let us further assume that a cellular system
is limited and the background noise is
dominated by interference noise from other
users, then, the receiver Signal-to-
interference ratio for a target receiver:
N
Sr   (2)
M 1

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 How many users can simultaneously use a
..?CDMA System before the system collapses
 All users always have a requirement for the
acceptable error rate of the received data stream
 For a given modulation and coding specification of
the system, the error rate requirement will be
supported by minimum of Sr requirements
 From EQs #1 & 2

W 1
M  (3)
R Sr

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 Problem 2: Capacity of One Carrier
in a Single-Cell CDMA System

Using QPSK modulation and convolution coding, the IS-

95 digital cellular systems require 3 dB < Sr < 9 dB. The
bandwidth of the channel is 1.25 MHz, and the
transmission rate is R = 9600 bps. Find the capacity of a
.single IS-95 cell

:Solution
:Using Equation (4.3) we can support
1.25 MHz 1 1.25 MHz 1
M  16 to M   65 users
9600 bps 8 9600 bps 2

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 Practical Consideration
 In practice, design of digital cellular systems,
there are other parameters affect the number
of users that can be supported by the system
1. Number of Sectors:
 The use of sectored antenna is an important
factor in maximizing BW efficiency
 Cell sectorization using directional antennas
reduces the overall interference and increasing M
 Sectorization gain = GA

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 ..Practical Consideration
 With ideal sectorization the user in one sector of a BS
antenna do not interfere with the users operating in other
sectors
 GA = Nsec, Nsec is the number of sectors in the cell
 In practice antenna patterns can not be designed to have
ideal characteristics, and due to multipath reflection, users
in general communicate with more than one sector
 The sector BS gain assumed to be GA = 2.5 (4 dB)
2. The Voice of activity interference reduction factor
(Gv):
 The ratio of the total connection time to the active talkspurt
 On the average, in two-way conversation, each user talks
roughly 50% of the time

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 ..Practical Consideration
 The short pause in the flow of natural speech reduce the
activity factor further to about 40% of connection time in
each direction
 As a result, the typical number used for Gv = 2.5 (4 dB)
3. The Interference Increase Factor (Ho)
 Accounts for the users in other cells in CDMA system
 Because all neighboring cells in a CDMA cellular network
operate at the same frequency, they will cause additional
interference
 This interference is relatively small due to the processing
gain and the distance involved
 Ho = 1.6 (2 dB), is commonly used in industry

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 ..Practical Consideration
 From EQs 1, 2 and 3

W 1 GAG v
M  (4)
R Sr H o
The last part of EQ.# 4 is called Performance
improving factor: K=(GAGV/Ho) = 4 (6 dB)

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 Problem 3: Capacity of One Carrier in
a Multi-Cell CDMA System with
Correction Factors

Determine the multi-cell IS-95 CDMA capacity with

correction for sectorization and voice activity. Use the
.numbers from Problem 2

:Solution
If we continue the previous example with the new
correction factor included, the range for the number of
.simultaneous users becomes 64 < M < 260

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 Problem 4: Comparison of the Capacity of
Different 2G Systems

Compare the capacity of IS-95 CDMA with AMPS FDMA

and IS-136 TDMA systems. For the CDMA system, assume
an acceptable signal to interference ratio of 6 dB, data
rate of 9600 bps, voice duty cycle of 50 percent, effective
antenna separation factor of 2.75 (close to ideal 3-sector
.antenna), and neighboring cell interference factor of 1.67

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 Solution
For the IS-95 CDMA using Equation (4.4) for each carrier with W = 1.25 MHz,
R = 9600 bps, Sr= 4 (6dB), Gv= 2 (50 percent voice activity). GA = 2.75, and
:Ho = 1.67 we have W 1 G G
M A V
 108 users / cell
R Sr Ho
For the IS-136 with a carrier bandwidth of Wc = 30 kHz, the number of users
per carrier of Nu = 3, and frequency reuse factor of K = 4 (commonly used in
these systems), each W = W1.25
Nu MHz of bandwidth provides for
M  31.25 users / cell
Wc K
For the AMPS analog system with carrier bandwidth of Wc = 30 kHz, and
frequency reuse factor of K = 7 (commonly used in these systems), each W =
1.25 MHz of bandwidth provides
W 1 for
M  6 users / cell
04/19/21
Wc K 14
 Problem 4: Comparison of the Capacity of
Different 2G Systems

.Determine the capacity of GSM for K = 3

:Solution
For the GSM system with a carrier bandwidth of Wc = 200
kHz, the number of users per carrier of Nu = 8, and
frequency reuse factor of K = 3 (commonly used in these
systems), each W = 1.25MHz of bandwidth provides for
W Nu
M  16.7 users / cell
Wc K
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