UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, TAXILA.

DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION

Presented by:
 Taimoor Aslam 17-ENC-39
 Abdullah 17-ENC-32
 Abdul Rehman 17-ENC-50
 Zain Tariq 17-ENC-40
 Muhammad Furqan 17-ENC-39

04/20/2021 1
 Kinetic molecular theory
-------KMT-------

04/20/2021 2
What is KMT?
• The kinetic Molecular Theory explains the behaviour of the atoms of
the matter.
• It also describes the forces between molecules and the energy that
they possess, as well as the effects of thermal energy, temperature
and pressure on matter.

04/20/2021 3
Postulates of KMT
• All matter (solid, liquid, and gas) is made up of tiny particles called
atoms, or atoms that are joined to form molecules.
• These particles are in constant motion.
• Molecular motion is random.
• Particles in motion possess kinetic energy.
• Their motion increase as they gain energy.
• There is an exchange of energy between particles during collisions.
• Particles in gases do not exert large forces on each other, unless they
are in collision with each other.

04/20/2021 4
• Collisions between these particles are perfectly elastic.
• Molecular motion is greatest in gases, less in liquids and least in solids.
• Solids retain a fixed volume and shape – particles are tightly packed,
usually in a regular pattern.
• Liquids assume the shape of the container which it occupies but maintain
their volume – particles with no regular arrangement.
• Gases assume the shape and volume of its container and will expand to
fill a container of any size – particles are far apart with no arrangement.

04/20/2021 5
Deviation From Ideal Gas Behaviour
The gases deviate from the ideal behaviour because of two faulty
postulates in kinetic molecular theory of gases.
I. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the gas
molecules.
II. The volume of the gas is negligible as compared to the volume of
the container.
Van der Waals made corrections in volume and pressure and derived an
equation called Van der Waals equation.

04/20/2021 6
 VSEPR THEORY
Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory

04/20/2021 7
 Contents:
1)History
2)Basis assumption
3)Postulates
4)Examples and Structure

04/20/2021 8
History:
• This theory was proposed by SIDGWICK and POWELL in 1940 to
explains the shapes of molecules.
• Officially, NYLHOLM and GILLESPIE developed VSEPR theory to
explain shapes of molecules.

BASIC ASSUMPTION:

“The electron pairs (both lone pairs and bond pairs)are arranged
around a central atom to remain at a maximum distance apart to keep
repulsion at a minimum.”
04/20/2021 9
POSTULATES:
1)Geometry of molecule is determined by both lone pairs bond pairs.

2)Electron pairs(lone pair and bond pair) are arranged at maximum

3)The repulsion between electron pairs decreases in the following order.

4)Multiple bonds(double or triple bond) behave as a single bond in determining

04/20/2021 11
 VBT
VALENCE BOND THEORY

04/20/2021 12
•The valence bond theory states that atoms in a covalent bond share electron density
through the overlapping of their valence atomic orbitals.
•As we know that covalent bonding requires the sharing of electrons between two atoms,
so that each atom can complete its valence shell.
•Covalent bonds include many type of interactions including σ-bonding, π-bonding etc.
But how does this sharing process occur?
Example:

04/20/2021 13
σ-BONDING

π-BONDING

04/20/2021 14
 Postulates:
 A bond between two atoms is formed by the overlap of half filled orbitals of two atoms. The two
overlapping atomic orbitals retain their identities.

 The two overlapping orbitals must have electrons of opposite spin.

 The number of bonds formed by an atom is equal to the number of unpaired electrons present in the
valence shell of an atom.

 If only two orbitals overlap, single bond is formed & if additional orbitals of atoms overlap then multiple
bonds are formed.

 In order to form a bond, overlapping orbitals must have the same symmetry with respect to bond axis.

 In overlapping of orbitals energy is released. Thus greater the overlap between the orbitals, the greater is
the energy released & the stronger will be the bond formed.

04/20/2021 15
 Conditions for VBT:
• Partially filled
• Overlapping
Draw Backs of VBT:
• Coordinate covalent bond
• Paramagnetic behavior
• Odd electron molecules
Applications of VBT:
VBT explains the formation of two types of bonds between atoms
1. Single Bond
2. Multiple Bond

04/20/2021 16
 Hybridization
The process in which atomic orbitals of different energies and shapes intermix
to form new orbitals of same energy and shape is known as Hybridization.

Why atom undergo

Types(Discussed
) •• spsp hybridization(tetrahedral/109.5
3

2
o
)
hybridization(trigonal planner/120 )
o

• sp hybridization(linear/180 o)

04/20/2021 17
sp 3

Hybridization
• Process of mixing of one s and three p orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals is known
as sp3 hybridization.

Exampl
e • Water(H O)
• Methane (CH )
2
4

• Ammonia(NH3)

04/20/2021 18
 sp2
Hybridization
•Process of mixing of one s and three p orbitals
to form new hybrid orbitals is known as sp3
hybridization

Examples
• Boron triflouride (BF3)
• Ethylene (C2H4)

04/20/2021 19
 sp Hybridization
• Process of mixing of one s and p orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals is
known as sp3 hybridization

Examples
• Beryllium Chloride(BeCl2)
• Ethyne or Acetylene(C2H2)

04/20/2021 20
 MOLECULAR ORBITAL
THEORY
MOT

04/20/2021 21
• Molecular orbital theory was presented by Hurid ,Mullikan and Lennard Jones.
• Molecular orbital theory uses wave functions to describe how electrons are disturbed in
molecules, in the same way that quantum mechanics use wave functions to describe how
electrons are disturbed in atoms.
• The areas in which the probability of finding an electron is high are called Molecular Orbital.
• Molecular orbitals can be used Quantitatively to calculate
Geometry
Energy levels
Bond order
Magnetic behavior
• It explain Why Hydrogen is stable and Helium is unstable.
• It also help us to study the paramagnetic behavior of Oxygen which is not explained by VBT.

04/20/2021 22
 METHOD:
LINEAR COMBINATIONS OF ATOMIC ORBITALS (LCAO)
Molecular orbitals simply from linear combinations of atomic orbitals achieved
through either addition or subtraction
(means either adding or subtracting the wave functions of the atomic orbitals).
By combining atomic orbitals two molecular orbitals are formed :

• Bonding molecular orbital

04/20/2021 23
04/20/2021 24
• General Representation Of energy levels:
σ1s < σ*1s < σ 2s < σ *2s < σ 2px < [π 2py = π 2pz] < [π *2py= π *2pz] < σ*2px
•  No. of electrons of bonding orbitals higher than antibonding electrons ,the
energy level of molecule is less than the separate atoms E.L, so the molecule is
stable.
• In contrast, antibonding electrons high or equal of bonding orbitals, the species
is unstable and should not exist.
• The energy level diagram not only gives E.C of a molecule but also predicts
whether the molecule is formed or not.
Bond order = ½(no. of bonding electrons –no. of antibonding electrons)

04/20/2021 25
Hydrogen H2 :
Electronic configuration (σ1s)2 (σ*1s)0
Bond order is 1.
Bond energy is 434 kJ/mol
Bond length is 174 pm

HELIUM He2 :
Electronic Configuration (σ1s)2 (σ*1s)2
Bond Order is 0
So its clear from it why Helium is unstable and could not exist.

04/20/2021 26
Oxygen O2:
• Electronic Configuration

• Bond Order is 2
• Bond Energy 494 kJ/mol
• As we see that two unpaired electrons are present in antibonding molecular
orbital. So that’s why it behave as a paramagnetic.

04/20/2021 27
 THANK YOU

04/20/2021 28