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Sarhad University Peshawar: Industrial Drive & PLC Characteristics of Electrical Drives

The document discusses the characteristics of electrical drives and DC motors. It describes: 1) Different types of load torques including active, passive, friction, windage, and torque required to do useful mechanical work. 2) Speed-torque characteristics of common industrial loads like constant torque, torque proportional to speed, torque proportional to the square of speed, and torque inversely proportional to speed. 3) The basic construction and working principle of a DC motor, which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using electromagnetic forces. 4) Key concepts like back EMF, torque development, and the interaction between motor torque and mechanical load torque.

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Mohsin Iqbal
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35 views

Sarhad University Peshawar: Industrial Drive & PLC Characteristics of Electrical Drives

The document discusses the characteristics of electrical drives and DC motors. It describes: 1) Different types of load torques including active, passive, friction, windage, and torque required to do useful mechanical work. 2) Speed-torque characteristics of common industrial loads like constant torque, torque proportional to speed, torque proportional to the square of speed, and torque inversely proportional to speed. 3) The basic construction and working principle of a DC motor, which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy using electromagnetic forces. 4) Key concepts like back EMF, torque development, and the interaction between motor torque and mechanical load torque.

Uploaded by

Mohsin Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Industrial Drive & PLC

Lecture 01

CHARACTERISTICS OF
ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Sarhad University Peshawar
CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES

Speed – torque characteristics of various types of loads and


drives motors:
Classification of load torques:
• 1. Active Load torques
• 2. Passive Load torques
Active Load Torques:
• Load torques which have the potential to drive the motor under
equilibrium conditions are called active load torques.
• Load torques usually retain sign when the drive rotation is changed.
Passive Torque:
• Load torques which always oppose the motion and change their
sign on the reversal of motion are called passive load torques.
• Torque due to friction cutting – Passive torque.
Components of load torques:
1. Friction Torque (TF)
• The friction torque (TF) is the equivalent value of various
friction torques referred to the motor shaft.
2. Windage Torque (Tw)
• When a motor runs, the wind generates a torque opposing the
motion. This is known as the winding torque.
3. Torque required to do useful mechanical work (Tm)
• Nature of the torque depends of type of load.
• It may be constant and independent of speed, some function
of speed, may be time invariant or time variant.
• The nature of the torque may change with the change in the
loads mode of operation.
Characteristics of different types of load:
• In electric drives the driving equipment is an electric motor.
• Selection of particular type of motor driving an m/c is the
matching of speed-torque characteristics of the driven unit and
that of the motor.
• Different types of loads exhibit different speed torque
characteristics.
Most of the industrial loads can be classified into the following 4
general categories:
• 1. Constant torque type load.
• 2. Torque proportional to speed (generator type load)
• 3. Torque proportional to square of the speed (fan type load)
• 4. Torque inversely proportional to speed (constant power type
load)
Electric Machine
DC Motor
Introduction

• Direct current machines (DC) are most often


used for a motor. DC motors have excellent
control characteristic for speed and torque.
DC motors are often used in power stations to
drive emergency stand-up pump systems.
• which come into operation to protect essential equipment and
plant should the normal a.c. supplies or pumps fail. However,
their application is limited to mills, mines and trains. As
examples, trolleys and underground subway cars may use dc
motors.
• An electrical motor consists of a cylindrical
rotor that spins inside a stator.
A Two Pole DC Motor
A Four Pole DC Motor
Rotor Assembly of a DC Motor
Principle of Operation
• D.C motors converts electrical energy (DC) into
mechanical energy. Its construction is similar to
DC generator.
• A DC motor works on the principle that
“whenever a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a force”.
• The magnetic is given by:

F=BIL
Where: F = Force in Newton
B = Flux density in Weber/meter2
I = Current in amperes flowing through the
conductor
L = Length of the conductor in meters
The direction of force is given by Fleming’s left hand
rule.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule Or
Motor Rule
FORE FINGER = MAGNETIC FIELD

900

N
IO
900

OT
M
900

B=
UM
MIDDLE FINGER= CURRENT
TH

FORCE = B IAl
• The construction of a DC motor is the same as
a DC generator.
• The only difference is that in a generator the
generated e.m.f (Ea) is greater than the

terminal voltage (VT), where as in a motor the


generated e.m.f is less than the terminal
voltage.
Back E.M.F

• When a d.c. motor rotates, an e.m.f is induced in the armature


conductors. By Lenz’s law this induced e.m.f (E) opposes the
supply voltage (V), is given by:
DC Generator

DC Motor
Torque of DC Motor
• For a d.c. motor, the supply voltage (V), is given by:

• Multiplication each term by current:

Total electrical Mechanical


The loss due to
power supplied power developed
armature
to the armature by the armature
resistance
Interaction of the DC Motor
and Mechanical Load

+
Ia Tload
+
VT m Mechanical
Ea DC Motor
Load (Pump,
- - - Compressor)
Tdev

Ea is Back EMF
VT is Applied voltage
Tdev is the Torque developed by DC Motor
Tload is the opposing load torque
Interaction of Prime-mover
DC Generator and Load

Tdev Ia
+
+
Prime-mover m Ea VL

Load
(Turbine) DC Generator -
Tpm -

Ea is Generated voltage
VL is Load voltage
Tpm is the Torque generated by Prime Mover
Tdev is the opposing generator torque
• Example 1:

A six-pole, lap-wound motor is connected to a


250v d.c. supply. The armature has 500
conductors and a resistance of 1 ohm. The
flux per pole is 20m Wb. Calculate:
(a) The speed, (b) The torque developed when
the armature current is 40 Apm.
(a) Back e,m,f: E = V - Ia Ra=

250 – (40 x 1) = 210v

so, N = 1260 rpm

(b) Torque, = 63.66 N.m


Thanks

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