Particle Technology

CHE109 (3CH)
CH241
 Introduction of the instructor

Muhammad Khaliq U Zaman

 Chemical Engineering
(Definition)
 Chemical engineering is the profession in which a knowledge of
 mathematics, chemistry, biology and other natural sciences gained by
 study, experience, and practice is applied
 with judgment to develop economic ways of using materials and energy for the benefit of
mankind.
 The profession encompasses the spectrum from the
 products, to the processes and
 equipment for making them, and to their
 applications.
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 Role of a chemical engineer in industry

 A chemist
 Discovers that if two reactants are mixed in a certain
proportion at an elevated temperature
 A product will be attained which is
 More valuable than both reactants
 From this very point it is an engineering problem, or more
precisely hundred’s of engineering problems
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 Based on the work performed by the chemist an engineer or more precisely a

chemical engineer has to perform numerous tasks such as
 Type of reactor?
 A long pipe
 A large tank
 Several smaller tanks
 An extremely large tube
 Made of what?
 Does it have to be heated?
 How much and how?
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 Type of reaction? exothermic or endothermic?

 Where should the reactants be obtained from? buy them or make
them?
 Reactants? Recycled?
 How to separate product from reactants?
 Add another substance that extracts the product? Or should it be
heated to get the volatile product and recycled?
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 Arecontrols needed to keep the operation of the process

with in the rigid limits? What kind of controls? Automatic?
Manual?
 Can the laboratory data be used directly to the industrial
plant? Pilot plant?
 what can easily go wrong during the process? What pre
cautions be taken?
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 What about waste products if they are produced as a result

of the process?
 Should they be wasted as it is or they have to be treated in
order to keep environment clean?
 How much of the process should be automated?
 What about economics? Capital cost? Running cost? Man
power? Profit? Is it worthwhile?
Chemical engineering (an introduction)

 What would be the procedure for start-up?

 What about safety?
 Setting up laboratories in order to ensure smooth running
of the process?
 What to do if process specifications are change? How to
do it without changing the whole layout of the plant?
Particle Technology (An introduction)

 Particletechnology is a term used to refer to the

science and technology related to the handling and
processing of particles and powders.
 It is also often described as power technology,
particle science, powder science.
Particle Technology (An introduction)

 A knowledge of particle technology may be used in the oil

industry to design the catalytic cracking reactor which
produces gasoline from oil.
 Ignorance of particle technology may result in lost
production, poor product quality, risk to health, dust
explosion or storage silo collapse.
What is a Particle?

a minute part of matter

a very small speck of solid matter
Unit of matter of indeterminate
dimensions and volume
Why? Where?
 Most chemical engineers will find themselves working with particles at
some point in their professional life
 Chemical engineers meet particulate solids in carrying out many unit
operations
 Crushing

 Drying

 Filtering

 Crystallization

 Solid fluid reacting

 Dust collecting and many more
Objectives

 The objective of this course is to introduce the subject of particle

technology to students in disciplines requiring knowledge of the
processing and handling of particles and powders.
 Characterize particles and particulate systems
 Identify and design important traditional unit operations
Course outlines (As per HEC
recommendations)
 Characterization of particle and particulate systems (Size
Analysis)
 Processing (Granulation, Fluidization);
 Particle Formation (Granulation, Size Reduction);
 Storage and Transport (Hopper Design, Pneumatic
Conveying, Standpipes, Slurry Flow);
 Separation (Filtration, Settling, Cyclones);
 Mixing and agitation;
Course outlines (As per HEC
recommendations)
 Safety (Fire and Explosion Hazards, Health Hazards);
 Engineering the Properties of Particulate Systems
(Colloids, Respirable Drugs, Slurry Rheology).
 Energy calculations for ball mill, Jaw crusher, Hammer
mill, Pebble mill, Sieve analysis. Mixing, filtration,
agglomeration.
Lecture # Contents
Course content
1 Course contents, Grading policy and course introduction
2 Characterization of solid particles, particle shape and particle size
3 Mixed particle size and size analysis
4 Screen analysis and standard screen series
5 Examples and Problems (Sieve and Screen Analysis)
6 Properties of particulate masses
7 Pressure in masses of particles, angle of internal friction and angle of repose
8 Storage of solids and flow out of bins
9 Conveyors, voidage and agglomerization
10 Mixing of solids and Types of mixers
11 Kneader mixer, Muller mixer or other types of mixers
12 Mixing effectiveness and mixing index
13 Examples and Problems (Mixing index)
14 Mixing index at zero time and rate of mixing
15 Examples and Problems (Mixing index at zero time and rate of mixing)
16 Size reduction, Energy and Power requirement
17 Rittengers, Kicks and Bonds Law
18 Examples and Problems (Size reduction)
19 Size reduction equipment (Crushers and Grinders)
20 Jaw Crusher and Ball Mill
21 Examples and Problems (Crushers, Grinders and Mills)
22
Course content
Mechanical Separation, Screening & equipments
23 Material Balance over screen, screen effectiveness
24 Examples and Problems (Capacity and Effectiveness of screen)
25 Motion of a particle in a fluid and drag coefficient
26 Terminal falling velocity and its related examples and problems
27 Flow of a fluid through granular bed
28 Carmen Kozeny equation for streamline flow
29 Carmen Kozeny equation for turbulent flow
30 Examples and Problems related to the contents covered from lectures 25-29
31 Sedimentation of a fine particles and settling rate
32 Factors affecting on sedimentation and thickness
33 Examples and Problems (Sedimentation)
34 Fundamental of fluidization
35 Ergun equation for pressure loss across the packed column
36 Examples and Problems (Fluidization)
37 Liquid Filtration and its types
38 Filtration Operations
39 Filtration Theory
40 Different mode of filtration operation
41 Factors affecting on Filtration
42 Filtration at constant pressure
43 Filtration at constant rate
44 Examples and Problems (Filtration)
45 Size enlargement (Granulation and Prilling Tower)
 Course Learning outcomes (CLO)

To be able to explain particle

1
characterization, handling and storage, 1
C2
 
mixing techniques, agglomeration and, size
reduction.

To be able to calculate the energy of

2
equipment’s and size analysis used in the 2 C3
processes, i.e size reduction,
mixing,fluidization,filteration.

To be able to interpret the particulate

interactions with fluids,equipment used for the
3 separation of particles by fluid i.e Filtration, 1 C2

Sedimentations and without fluid

sieving,screening.
 Reference Books
1. Units Operations of Chemical Engineering by Warren Lee
McCabe, Julian Smith & Peter Harriot. 7th Edition.
2. Introduction to Particle Technology by Martin Rhodes. 2 nd
edition.
3. Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering by J F
Richardson & J H Harker with J R Backhurst. Volume 2, Fifth
Edition.