ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

CABLE STAYED BRIDGE

USING STAAD-PRO
INTRODUCTION:

 Bridging a gap remains a symbol of the triumph of mankind over nature.

 The longer and more inaccessible the chasm, greater is the adulation for the bridge structure.
 Cable Stayed bridges, synonymous with spans over large open space, have thus always been viewed as a
tribute to human achievement.
 The idea of using cables to support bridge spans is by no means new, and a number of examples of this type
of construction were recorded long time ago.
 Inclined stays were first introduced in England and widely used there in the early part of the nineteenth
century.
 Cable-stayed bridges have become the effective alternatives in case of large span bridges.
Russky Bridge, Vladivostok, Russia
 The longitudinal behavior of the cable-stayed bridge can be understood as beam on discrete elastic supports
and beam bending will be predominant.
 A number of techniques can be used for the analysis of the cable-stayed bridges.
 There are many exact methods such as the transverse matrix approach as been adopted by tang, mixed force
displacement method as adopted by Smith, and recently used finite element methods used for analyzing the
structure.
 These methods take care of both material as well as geometric non-linearity since cable-stayed bridges
exhibit both types of linear behavior.
 Cable-stayed bridges exhibit different sources of nonlinearity:
 Change of geometry of stay cables under different tension load levels (sag effect),
 Large deflection effects,
 Combined bending moment and axial load effects,
 Non-linear stress-strain relationship of concrete
 The idea of using cables to support bridge spans is by no means new, and a number of examples of this type
of construction were recorded ling time ago.
 Inclined stays were first introduced in England and widely used there in the early part of the nineteenth
century.
 Cable-stayed bridges are constructed along a structural system, which comprises an orthotropic deck and
continuous girders, which are supported by stays, i.e. inclined cables passing over or attached to towers
located at the main piers.
 The application of inclined cables gave a new stimulus to the construction of large bridges.
 The importance of cable-stayed brides increased rapidly and within only one decade they have become so
successful that they have taken their rightful place among classical bridge systems.
 Cable stayed bridges have good stability, optimum use of structural materials, aesthetic, relatively low design
and maintenance costs, and efficient structural characteristics.
 Therefore, this type of bridges are becoming more and more popular and are usually preferred for long span
crossings compared to suspension bridges.
 A typical cable stayed bridge is a deck with one or two pylons erected above the piers in the middle of the span.
 The cables are attached diagonally to the girder to provide additional supports. A typical cable-stayed bridge is
depicted in Figure.
 The pylons form the primary load-bearing structure in these types of bridges.
 Large amounts of compression forces are transferred from the deck to the cables to the pylons and into the
foundation.
 Deck:

 The deck or road bed is the roadway surface of a cable-stayed bridge.

 The deck can be made of different materials such as steel, concrete or composite steel-concrete.
 The choice of material for the bridge deck determines the overall cost of the construction of cable stayed
bridges.
 The weight of the deck has significant impact on the required stay cables, pylons, and foundations.
 As one can see in Figure, the composite steel-concrete deck is composed of two structural edge girders.
 These girders are attached by transverse steel floor beams. The precast reinforced concrete deck is supported
by these two main girders.
 Cables:

 Cables are one of the main parts of a cable-stayed bridge.

 They transfer the dead weight of the deck to the pylons.
 These cable are usually post-tensioned based on the weight of the deck.
 The cables post-tensioned forces are selected in a way to minimize both the vertical deflection of the deck
and lateral deflection of the pylons.
Pylon Principle:

 In principle the pylon is a tower structure where the most decisive load will be the axial force originating
from the vertical components of the forces in the cables attached to the pylon.
 The pylon has to carry heavy loads, usually several thousands of tons.
 Therefore, box sections with a large kern width are the best to provide safety against buckling with the
minimum amount of material.
 Pylons:

 Pylons of cable stayed bridges are aimed to support the weight and live load acting on the structure.
 There are several different shapes of pylons for cable stayed bridges such as Trapezoidal pylon, Twin pylon,
A-frame pylon, and Single pylon.
 They are chosen based on the structure of the cable stayed bridge (for different cable arrangements),
aesthetics, length, and other environmental parameters.
AIM:

 The aim of the present work is to analyze and design the reinforced cement concrete based cable stayed
bridge in STAAD-PRO .
OBJECTIVES:

 The objectives of the present work consists of a brief history of cable stayed bridge is to be illustrated along
with the structural components of it such as Tower or pylon, Deck systems, cable system supporting the
deck.
 A systematic approach is to be discussed for the preliminary design of cable stayed bridge which will fix the
outline proportions of the structure to give response to the static and dynamic analysis of the structure.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

 Kao and Kou (2010) analyzed a symmetrical, fan-shaped cable-stayed bridge under sudden loss of cable as it
is most critical phenomenon in the analysis of cable stayed bridge.
 Wolff and Starossek (2008) studied the collapse behaviour of a 3D cable-stayed bridge model and found out
that the initial failure (loss) of the three cables around the pylon can trigger a zipper-type collapse associated
with a large vertical deformation within the bridge deck.
 Jenkins and Gersten (2001) reports in FTA report that about 58% of terrorist attacks targeted the
transportation sector including bridge structures. Mahoney (2007) analyzed typical highway bridges under
blast loads.
 (Huang et al., 2011) studied the significant damage and collapse of several bridges which were occurred as
the result of severe past earthquake events. Therefore, he recommends different guidelines for response to
seismic actions is considered in the design of bridges. For example, Xiaoyudong bridge in China was
damaged during the May 12th 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with the magnitude of 8.0.
 (Kawashima et al., 2011, Hoshikuma, 2011) studies the strong earthquake in Japan in Fukushima which
created significant damage in several bridges caused by
 strong ground motion as well as tsunami inundation and soil liquefaction The dynamic response of cable stayed
bridges is more critical due to effect of earthquake and wind loadings as compared to other types of bridges.
 However with increasing span length and increasing slenderness of the stiffening girder the great attention is
paid not only to dynamic response of bridges under earthquake and wind loading but also to the dynamic
traffic loading.
 (Murkute U.T. 2017) studied Cable stayed bridge were firstly developed in Germany during post-world war
years, due to shortage of materials like steel.
 With the introduction of high strength steel, orthotropic type decks, Development of welding techniques &
progress in structural analysis and above mentioned shortage of steel in post-world war years the successful
introduction of cable stayed bridges is possible.
 Cable stayed bridges were highly statically indeterminate structures and in order to find out exact solution
of these highly indeterminate systems and analyse the cable stayed bridge the electronic computers played a
very vital role.
 (Dr. Laju Kottalil et al 2019) studied Cable-stayed bridges have emerged as the dominant structural system
for long span bridge crossings during the past thirty years.
 This success is due to a combination of technical advancements and pleasing aesthetics attributes.
 The interaction of the various structural components results in an efficient structure which is continuously
evolving and providing new methods to increase span lengths.
 The objective of this project is to conduct a parametric study on the behaviour of bridges under loading
conditions.
 The results were compared and evaluated in terms of allowable displacement and bending moment.
 Out of various softwares, CSi bridge software is used due to its advanced modeling features and highly
sophisticated design.
 (Jaydeep R. Rathod et al 2017) studied Progressive collapse is a continuous spread and enlargement of initial local failure
of structures, which is characterized by a disproportion between the initial failure and its resulting widespread collapse.
 It has been found that the ability to resist the collapse is determined not only by structural load-bearing capacity, but also by
other structural attributes.
 Although great efforts have been contributed to the progressive collapse of building structures, comparably small attention
have been paid in the same problem about bridge structures.
 In this research Xing jia bridge is consider with different geometry fan type , harp type & semi harp type cable system .
 Analysis of cable stayed bridge is done using computer programme SAP. Results obtained in form of Time period,
Displacement and axial force are compared for different cable patterns.
 The results of the comprehensive evaluation of the cable failure show that the tread of the progressive failure of the cable-
stayed bridges decreases when the location of the failed cables is closer to the pylon.
 The literature survey indicates that most of the research is done on seismic effects, wind effects, dynamic
loadings on cable stayed bridges but actual design and analysis of cable stayed bridge is not done and
validation of results on various analytical software’s will give us the confidence of bridge design as that of a
professional structural designer.
METHODOLOGY:

 Cable stayed bridges are one of the most used bridge typologies for spans between 200 m to about 1100m
due to their structural efficiency, cost and aesthetics.
 The major factors that contributed to the development of cable stayed bridges were the introduction of high
strength steels, orthotropic type decks, development of welding techniques and progress in structural
analysis.
 Cable stayed bridge consists of a deck supported by a set of stay cables connecting it to one or more towers;
this geometry combined with high strength materials used in its construction results in very slender and
flexible structures that are very sensitive to traffic, wind and seismic loads
 It is a structural system with a continuous girder supported by inclined stay cables from the towers.
 From the mechanical point of view, the cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder bridge supported by elastic
supports .
 The main cable is eliminated and the cables are connected directly from the deck to the tower.
Structural behavior of cable stayed bridge
 The major steps involved in the modelling process include:
 Create the Layout Line(s):
 Layout lines are reference lines used for defining the horizontal and vertical alignment of the bridge and the vehicle
lanes.
 Layout lines are defined using stations for distance, bearings for horizontal alignment, and grades for vertical
alignment. Layout lines may be straight,bent or curved, both horizontally and vertically.
 Define lanes on the bridge:
 Lanes must be defined before a bridge model can be analyzed for vehicle live loads.
 Lanes are used in the definition of bridge live type load patterns that are used in static and dynamic multi-step load
cases.
 Lanes can be defined with reference to layout lines or existing frame objects.
 Typically, when using the bridge modeler, lanes should be defined from layout lines.
 Define Superstructure components:
 These component definitions include deck section, diaphragms and parametric variations.
 The deck section definition includes the section property, material property, the slab and girder thicknesses etc.
 Various precast girders are available which can be modeled to our requirement and rigid links have been used to join the
disconnected beams together.
 The software also allows us to prestress the beams to the required compression.
 Parametric variations define variations in the deck section along the length of the bridge.
 Almost all parameters used in the parametric definition of a deck section can be specified to vary. The variations may be
linear, parabolic or circular.
 After a variation has been defined, it can be assigned as part of the deck section assignment to bridge objects. In this
study we have considered only linear variations.
IMPLICATIONS:

 Bridges is the lifeline and important structure for any nation.

 Cable-stayed bridges are one of the most popular long-span bridge type due to its structural efficiency and
pleasing aesthetics.
 Stays of cable-stayed bridges are critical structural elements which are subjected to corrosion, abrasion,
wind, vehicle impact and malicious actions and these extreme loading scenarios may lead to severe damage
and loss of cable which demands the progressive collapse analysis.
 Therefore the present study deals with the cable stayed bridge.
REFERENCES:

 Gimsing N. J. (1997) Cable Supported Bridges Concept & Design, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester.
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New York, USA.
 Troitsky M. S. (1988) Cable-stayed Bridges, 2nd edn. BSP,Oxford.
 Walther R., Houriet B., Walmar I. and Moı¨a P. (1988) Cable Stayed Bridges. Thomas Telford, London.
 Fischer G. (1960) The Severin Bridge at Cologne (Germany). Acier-Stahl-Steel, No. 3, 97–107.
 Leonhardt F. and Zellner W. (1980) Cable-stayed bridges. International Association for Bridge andStructural
Engineering Surveys, S-13/80, in LABSE Periodica 2/1980.
 Wenk H. The Stromsmund Bridge. (1954) Stahlbau, 23, No. 4, 73–76.
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5, 2000 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Civil and Environmental Engineering.
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