Cell Structure

& Function

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Let’s see what you remember 
 Cell Theory
• All living things are made up of cells.
• Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
• All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
 Definition of Cell

A cell is the smallest unit that is

Plant Stem

Bacteria

Red Blood Cell

Nerve Cell
 Two Categories of Cells
•Prokaryotic – eg bacteria
•Eukaryotic – plant, animal, amoeba

NB: Cells may be either UNICELLULAR or

• Does not have a nucleus.

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 Eukaryotic
• These cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
They contain organelles surrounded by membranes.
Plant Animal
 “Typical” Animal Cell

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 “Typical” Plant Cell

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Cell Parts
Organelles
Organelles Surrounding the Cell
 Cell Membrane
• Differentially permeable
outer membrane of cell
that controls movement
in and out of the cell.
• Double layer

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 Cell Wall
• Freely permeable.
• Most commonly found in plant
cells & bacteria
• Contains cellulose in plant
cells but proteins in bacterial
cells.
• Cellulose makes cell walls
tough and rigid to supports &
protects cells
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Organelles Inside the Cell
 Nucleus

• Directs cell activities.

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 Chromosomes
• In nucleus
• Made of DNA
• Contain instructions for traits &
characteristics

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 Nucleolus
• Inside nucleus
• Contains RNA to build
proteins

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 Cytoplasm
• Gel-like mixture that bathes the organelles.
• It is the cite for all metabolic activities.
• Surrounded by cell membrane.
 Mitochondria
• Produces energy through
chemical reactions –
breaking down fats &
carbohydrates
• Controls level of water and
other materials in cell
• Recycles and decomposes
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

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 Chloroplast
• Usually found in plant cells
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes
place

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Moves materials around
in cell
• Smooth ER: lacks
ribosomes. Involved in fat
production.
• Rough ER(pictured):
ribosomes embedded in
surface. Involved in
protein production.

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 Ribosomes
• Each cell contains thousands
• Make proteins
• Found on ER & floating
throughout the cell

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 Golgi Bodies
• Protein 'packaging
plant'
• Move materials within
the cell
• Move materials out of
the cell

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 Lysosome
• Digestive 'plant' for
proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates
• Transports undigested
material to cell
membrane for removal
• Cell breaks down if
lysosome explodes

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 Vacuoles
• Membrane-bound sacs for
storage, digestion, and waste
removal
• Contains water solution
• Help plants maintain shape

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