Acid and base & Titration

Course: Fundamental Biochemistry In Animal Science

Course Code : ASH 10303
Programme : BACHELOR OF ANIMAL PRODUCTIONAND HEALTH

Dr. Mulham Alfatama

 Units of Concentration
 A solution is a homogeneous
mixture of one substance (the
solute) dissolved in another
substance (the solvent).
 Concentration is a ratio of the
amount of solute to the amount
of solvent.
% Concentration

 % (w/w) =

 % (w/v) =

 % (v/v) =

Mass and volume units must match.

(g & mL) or (Kg & L)
% Concentration
Example Problem 1 (Solid in a Liquid)
What is the concentration in %w/v of a solution containing 39.2 g
of potassium nitrate in 177 mL of solution?

% (w/v) =

Example Problem 2(Liquid in a Liquid)

What is the concentration in %v/v of a solution containing 3.2 L of
ethanol in 6.5 L of solution?

% (v/v) =
% Concentration
Example Problem 3
What volume of 1.85 %w/v solution is needed to
provide 5.7 g of solute?

% (w/v) =

We know: We want to get:

g solute ÷ concentration = volume solution

Parts per million/billion (ppm &
ppb)
 ppm = o =
r ppm

 ppb = o = ppb
r

AND
Mass and volume units must match. For very low
(g & mL) or (Kg & L) concentrations:

parts per trillion = ppt

ppm & ppb
Example Problem 1
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppm?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
ppm & ppb
Example Problem 2
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppb?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
 Units of Concentration
 Percent volume
% volume = volume solute (ml) x 100
volume solution (ml)
 Percent mass
% mass = mass solute (g) x 100
mass solution (g)

Solution = solvent + solute

 Units of Concentration

Example 1:
What is the percent by volume concentration of a
solution in which 75.0 ml of ethanol is diluted to a
volume of 250.0 ml?

75.0 ml x 100 = 30.0%

250.0 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 2:
What volume of acetic acid is present in a bottle containing
350.0 ml of a solution which measures 5.00%
concentration?

x = 0.05
350.0 ml

x = 17.5 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 3:
Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is
dissolved in 331 grams of water.

41 g x 100 = 11.0%
372 g
 Units of Concentration

 Molarity (M) is the most common unit of

concentration
 Molarity is an expression of moles/Liter of
the solute.
 Units of Concentration
 A mole is the SI unit of number of particles and
can be used as an expression of the molecular
weight of a substance.

The formula weight of an

element is expressed as
grams/mole
 Units of Concentration
 The molar mass of a compound can be
calculated by adding the molar mass of the
individual elements.

22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol

 Making Solutions
 You just calculated the molar mass of sodium
chloride to be 58.44 g/mol.
 To determine how to make a stock solution of
sodium chloride, use the formula:

g = M x L x molar mass
 Making Solutions
 How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare
200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?
g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
 Diluting Solutions

 Often once you have made a stock

solution, you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
 To determine how to dilute the stock
solution, use the formula:
C1 – concentration of stock
C1V1 = C2V2 C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 – volume needed of stock
V2 – final volume of dilution
 Diluting Solutions

Example 5:
How many milliliters of a 5 M stock solution of NaCl are
needed to prepare 100 ml of a 0.4 M solution?

C1 V1 = C2 V2
(5) V1 = (0.4)(100)
V1= 8 ml
 Diluting Solutions
 Serial Dilutions are dilutions made in series (for
example, if you needed to make solutions that
were 2M, 1M, 0.5M, and 0.25 M)
 The formula for serial dilutions is:

Dilution Factor = (V1 + V2) V1 – volume of solution being diluted

V1 V2 – volume of solvent
 Units of Concentration

Example 6:
Propose a method to prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M glucose
solution from a 5 M glucose solution.
10 = (v1 + 100)
v1

10v1 = v1 + 100
-v1 -v1

9v1 = 100
9 9

v1 = 11.1 ml of 5 M glucose + 100 ml H2O

Molarity
 Chemists describe solutions in terms of
concentration. We define the concentration of a
solution as the amount of solute in a given
volume of solution.
 The most commonly used expression of
concentration is molarity (M).
 Molarity is defined as the number of moles of
solute dissolved in a liter of solution.
 A 1.0 M solution contains 1.0 mol of solute per
liter of solution
Concentration of Solution

Moles of solute Mol

(M)= =
Molarity Liter of solution L

Moles of solute
Molality (m) = Kilograms of solvent
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 1

12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making

344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 2

How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL

of solution with a concentration of 1.25 M?

Volume x concentration = moles solute

 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 3

What volume of solution will contain 15 g of NaCl

if the solution concentration is 0.75 M?

moles solute ÷ concentration = volume solution

Molarity Example 1
 5.7 g KNO3 dissolves in a 233 mL solution. What
is molarity?
1. Convert grams to moles
5.7 g KNO3 1 mol KNO3 = 0.056 mol KNO3
101.10 g KNO3
2. Convert mL to L
233 mL 1L = 0.233 L
1000 mL

3. Divide mol/L 0.056 mol KNO3

0.233 L = 0.24 M KNO3
Molarity Example 2
 Calculate the molarity of a solution that has 11.5
g of NaOH dissolved in 1500 mL of solution
1. Convert grams to moles
11.5 g NaOH 1 mol NaOH = 0.288 mol NaOH
40.0 g NaOH
2. Convert mL to L
1500 mL 1 L = 1.5 L
1000 mL

3. Divide mol/L 0.288 mol NaOH

1.5 L = 0.19 M NaOH
Working Backwards
 If you know the molarity of a solution, you can
work backward to find the volume or the mass
of solute dissolved.
 Liters of solution x molarity = moles of solute
(convert moles to grams, if necessary
 Moles of solute/molarity = liters of solution
Example 3

 How many moles of AgNO3 are present in 25 mL

of a 0.75 M solution?
 Convert mL into L
25 mL 1L = 0.025 L
1000 mL

 Liters of solution x molarity = moles of solute

 0.025 L x 0.75 M = 0.0019 mol AgNO3
Example 4
 Formalin, HCHO, is used in preserving
specimens. How many grams of HCHO must be
used to prepare 2.5 L of 12.3 M formalin?
 Get moles of solute
 2.5 L x 12. 3 M = 31 mole HCHO
 Convert moles to grams
31 mol HCHO 30.026 g HCHO = 930 g HCHO
1 mol HCHO

 Therefore, 2.5 L of 12.3 M formalin contains 930

g of HCHO
Acids and Bases
Topics to be covered:
 Definitions of acids and bases;
 Bronsted’s conjugate acid-base pairs concept;
 Determination of [H3O+], [OH-], and pH for strong acids and
strong bases;
 Determination of [H3O+], [OH-], pH, Ka, or Kb, and percent
ionization for weak acids and weak bases;
 Predicting acid/base properties of salts (ionic compounds) and
oxides of metals and nonmetals;
 The effect of molecular structures and bond energy on the
strength of acids and bases.
Acids and Bases
 Arrhenius definition:
Acid: substance that increases [H3O+] in solution;
Base: substance that increases [OH-] in solution;

 Brnsted-Lowry definition:
Acid: reactant that donates proton in a reaction;
Base: reactant that accepts proton in a reaction;

 Lewis definition: - in the formation of covalent bonds,

Acid: one that accept electron-pairs
Base: one that donate electron-pairs
Strong and Weak Acids
 Strong acids ionize completely in aqueous solution:
 HCl(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq);
 H2SO4(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + HSO4-(aq);

 Weak acids ionize only partially in aqueous solution:

 HF(aq) + H2O ⇌ H3O+(aq) + F-(aq);
 HOCl(aq) + H2O ⇌ H3O+(aq) + ClO-(aq).
Complete Ionization of Hydrochloric
Acid
Dissociations of Strong and Weak
Acids
Strong and Weak Bases
 Strong bases ionize completely in aqueous solution:
NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq);
Ba(OH)2(aq)  Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq);
 Weak bases ionize only partially in aqueous solution:
NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq);
PO43-(aq) + H2O  HPO42-(aq) + OH-(aq)
Brønsted-Lowry: Conjugate Acids &
Bases

 Consider the following equilibrium:

HA + B ⇌ BH+ + A-;
Acid1 Base2 Conjugate Conjugate
acid2 base1
 A- is the conjugate base to acid HA;
HA & A- are conjugate acid-base pair;
 BH+ is the conjugate acid to base B;
BH+ & B are also conjugate acid-base pair.
Brønsted-Lowry’s Acid-Base Reaction
Brønsted’s Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
Examples of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
HNO3 – NO3-
-
H2SO4 – HSO4
H3O+ – H2O
HF – F-
H3PO4 – H2PO4-
CH3COOH – CH3COO-
H2PO4- – HPO42-
NH4+ – NH3
H2O – OH-
Exercise #1: Conjugate Acids & Bases

Write the formulas of the conjugate bases for the

following acids:
(a) H2CO3 (b) HSO4- (c) Al(H2O)63+
(d) Cr(OH)3(H2O)3

(Answer: (a) HCO3-; (b) SO42-; (c) Al(H2O)5(OH)2+;

(d) Cr(OH)4(H2O)2-)
Exercise #2: Conjugate Acids and Bases

Write the formulas of the conjugate acids for the

following bases:
(a) NH3 (b) CO32- (c) C5H5N (d)
Al(OH)3(H2O)3

(Answer: (a) NH4+; (b) HCO3-; (c) C5H5NH+;

(d) Al(OH)2(H2O)4+)
Acid Strength and Ionization Constants
 For the ionization or dissociation equilibrium of an
acid in aqueous solution, such as:
HA(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + A-(aq);
The ionization or dissociation constant is
expressed as follows:

The values of Ka indicate the

relative strength of the acids.
Strong acids have very large
Ka, while weak acids have
small Ka’s (Ka << 1)
Relative Strength of Acids and Their
Conjugate Bases
Acids Conjugate Bases
Very Strong Very Weak
Strong Weak
Weak Strong
Very Weak Very Strong
______________________________
 Strong acids lose protons very readily  weak
conjugate bases;
 Weak acids do not lose protons very readily  strong
conjugate bases.
Relative Strength of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
 Acid-Base Properties of Water

 Auto-ionization of water:
2H2O  H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC

 Water ionizes to produce both H3O+ and OH-, thus it

has both acid and base properties. Kw is called water
ionization constant.
 Pure water at 25oC: [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 M
Expressing Acidity in pH Scale

 pH = -log[H+] (note: [H+] = [H3O+])

 pOH = -log[OH-]
 pKw = -log(Kw); pKa = -log(Ka); pKb = -log(Kb)
 For water, Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
 -log(Kw) = -log [H3O+] + (-log[OH-])
 pKw = pH + pOH = 14.00
 At 25oC, pOH = 14 – pH
Acidity and pH Range
 Acidic solutions:
[H3O+] > 1.0 x 10-7 M;
pH < 7;
 Basic solutions:
[OH-] > 1.0 x 10-7 M or [H3O+] < 1.0 x 10-7 M
pH > 7;
 Neutral solutions:
[H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7 M; pH = 7.00
Relationship between acidity of solution and
pH
pH of Common Household Items
Household Substances
 +
[H3O ] and pH of Strong Acids
 Strong acids like HCl and HClO4 ionize completely in
aqueous solution:
HCl(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq);
HClO4(aq) + H2O  H3O+(aq) + ClO4-(aq);
 In solutions of strong monoprotic acids HA, such as
HCl and HClO4,
[H3O+] = [HA]0
 For example, in 0.10 M HCl, [H3O+] = 0.10 M, and
pH = -log(0.10) = 1.00
 -
[OH ] and pH of Strong Bases
 Like strong acids, strong bases also ionize completely in
aqueous solution.
 Examples: NaOH(aq)  Na+(aq) + OH-(aq);
Ba(OH)2(aq)  Ba2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq);
 In a base solution such as 0.050 M NaOH,
[OH-] = [NaOH]0 = 0.050 M;
pOH = -log(0.050 M) = 1.30; pH = 14.00 - 1.30 = 12.70
 In a base solution such as 0.050 M Ba(OH)2,
[OH-] = 2 x [Ba(OH)2]0 = 0.10 M;
pOH = -log(0.10) = 1.00; pH = 14.00 - 1.00 = 13.00
[H3O+] and pH of Weak Acids

 In weak acid solutions, [H3O+] < [HA]0;

 [H3O+] and pH can be calculated from the initial
concentration of the acid and its Ka value.

 For example, in 0.100 M acetic acid, CH3COOH,

with Ka = 1.8 x 10-5, [H3O+] and pH can be calculated
using the “ICE” table.
ICE Table for Acetic Acid

 Ionization: CH3CO2H + H2O  H3O+ + CH3CO2-

 
 Initial [M] 0.100 0.00 0.00
 Change [M] -x +x +x
 Equilm. [M] (0.100 – x) x x
 
Calculating [H3O+] from initial concentration
and Ka by approximation method.

 Solving for x in the expression for Ka:

Calculation Percent Ionization

 We calculated that, in 0.10 M CH3COOH, the

concentration of acid that ionizes is 1.34 x 10-3 M.
 The percent ionization of 0.10 M acetic acid:
Increase in Percent Ionization with
Dilution

 Percent ionization of weak acid increases as the

dilution increases.
 For example, if [CH3COOH]initial = 0.0100 M
 [CH3COOH]ionized ~ 4.24 x 10-4 M (calculated using
approximation method);
Percent Ionization Increases with
Dilution
 At [CH3COOH]initial = 0.00100 M,
 [CH3COOH]ionized = 1.34 x 10-4 M (by approximation)

 The more we dilute the acid solution, the higher the

fraction of the acid that will ionize, which increases
the degree of ionization.
 Is this related to the Le Chatelier’s principle? Explain.
Exercise #3: pH and Percent Ionization

1) Nitrous acid, HNO2, has Ka = 4.0 x 10-4 at 25 oC.

Calculate the pH and percent ionization of HNO2 in
0.10 M solution of the acid.
(Answer: pH = 2.20; % ionization = 6.3%)

2) Chlorous acid, HOCl, has Ka = 3.5 x 10-8 at 25 oC.

Calculate the pH and percent ionization of HOCl in
0.10 M solution of the acid.
(Answer: pH = 4.23; % ionization = 0.059%)
[OH-] and pH of a Weak Base

 In a weak base, [OH-] < [Base]0;

 [OH-] and pH can be calculated from the initial
concentration of the base and its Kb value.

 For example, in 0.100 M ammonia, NH3, with Kb =

1.8 x 10-5, [OH-] and pH can be calculated using the
following “ICE” table.
ICE Table for the Ionization of Ammonia
 Ionization: NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-
 
 Initial [M] 0.100 0.00 0.00
 Change [M] -x +x +x
 Equilm. [M] (0.100 – x) x x
 
Calculate [OH-] from initial concentration and Kb
by approximation method.
 Solving for x in the expression for Kb:
Exercise #4: pH of Strong and Weak
Bases
1) Ethylamine, C2H5NH, has Kb = 5.6 x 10-4. Calculate
the concentration of H3O+ in 0.10 M ethylamine
solution and the pH of the solution?
(Answer: [H3O+] = 1.3 x 10-12 M; pH = 11.87)

2) Pyridine, C5H5N, has Kb = 1.7 x 10-9. Calculate the

concentration of H3O+ in 0.020 M pyridine solution
and the pH of the solution?
(Answer: [H3O+] = 1.7 x 10-9 M; pH = 8.77)
Polyprotic Acids
 Acids with more than one ionizable hydrogen ion, such as
H2SO3, H2SO4, H3PO4, H3C6H5O7, etc.

 Their hydrogen ionizes in stages, for example,

H3PO4(aq) + H2O ⇄ H3O+(aq) + H2PO4-(aq); Ka1 = 7.5 x 10-3
H2PO4-(aq) + H2O ⇄ H3O+(aq) + HPO42-(aq); Ka2 = 6.2 x 10-8
HPO42-(aq) + H2O ⇄ H3O+(aq) + PO43-(aq); Ka3 = 4.8 x 10-13

Acid strength decreases in the order:

H3PO4 >> H2PO4- >> HPO42-;
pH of solution is determined mainly by ionization of H3PO4
Exercise #5: pH of H2SO4

1) Calculate the concentrations of H2SO4, H3O+,

HSO4-, and SO42-, in 0.10 M H2SO4 solution. What
is the pH of the solution? (H2SO4 is a strong acid
and HSO4- has Ka = 1.2 x 10-2)

(Answer: [H2SO4] = 0.0 M; [H3O+] = 0.11 M;

[HSO4-] = 0.090 M; [SO42-] = 0.0098 M;
pH = 0.96]
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions
 Soluble salts dissociate completely when
dissolved in water;
 Ions produced may react with water that
release H3O+ and makes the solution acidic, or
produces OH- and makes the solution basic.
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions

 The acid-base property of a salt solution depends

on whether the compound is a product of:
1. Strong acid-strong base reaction: produces neutral salt
2. Strong acid-weak base reaction: produces acidic salt
3. Strong base-weak acid reaction: produces basic salt
4. Weak acid-weak base reaction: produces salt that is
either acidic or basic, depending on the relative strength
of the acid and the base.
Types of Salts and Their Solutions
 Salts of Strong Acid-Strong Base Reactions:
NaCl, NaNO3, KBr, etc.; solutions are neutral
 Salts of Weak Acid-Strong Base Reactions:
NaF, NaNO2, NaC2H3O2, etc.; solutions are basic
 Salts of Strong Acid-Weak Base Reactions:
NH4Cl, NH4NO3, (CH3)2NH2Cl, C5H5NHCl;
Solutions of these salts are acidic
 Salts of Weak Acid-Weak Base Reactions:
NH4C2H3O2, NH4CN, NH4NO2, etc..
These compounds can be acidic, basic, or neutral, which
depends on the relative strength of the acid and the base.
Salts of Strong Acid-Strong Base Reactions

 Dissociation and reaction of a neutral salt:

NaCl(aq)  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq);
Na+(aq) + H2O  NR
Cl- (aq) + H2O  NR

(The concentrations of H3O+ and OH- in NaCl solution are

the same as in pure water  solution is neutral.)
Salts of Weak Acid-Strong Base Reactions:

 Dissociation and reaction of a basic salt:

NaNO2(aq)  Na+(aq) + NO2-(aq);
Na+(aq) + H2O  NR
NO2-(aq) + H2O  HNO2(aq) + OH-(aq)

(The reaction of NO2- with water causes [OH-] > [H3O+]

and the solution becomes basic.)
Salts of Strong Acid-Weak Base Reactions

 Dissociation and reaction of an acidic salt:

NH4NO3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq);
NH4+(aq) + H2O  NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq);
NO3-(aq) + H2O  NR;

 (The reaction of NH4+ with water causes [H3O+] > [OH-], and
the solution becomes acidic.)
Salts of Weak Acid-Weak Base Reactions

 Salts produced by reactions of weak acids and weak

bases can be neutral, acidic, or basic, depending on
the relative magnitude of the Ka of the weak acid and
the Kb of the weak base.

 If Ka ~ Kb, salts are neutral; example: NH4C2H3O2

 If Ka > Kb, salts are acidic; example: NH4NO2
 If Ka < Kb, salts are basic; example: NaC2H3O2
Titration and Acid-Base
Neutralization

Chemistry
Mrs. Coyle
Acid Base Neutralization
Reaction

 Acid + Base  Water + Salt

 Ex: HCl + NaOH  H2O + NaCl
Example: Stomach
antacids
Titration:
 A laboratory method for determining the
concentration of an unknown acid or base
using a neutralization reaction.

 A standard solution,(a solution of known

concentration), is used.
Equivalence Point
 The point at which there are
stoichiometrically equivalent amounts of
acid and base.

 [H+] = [OH-]
 Buret

Valve
Titration

Acid with
End-Point
Phenolpthalein
Indicators
 Indicators are chosen, such that they change
colors at the range of the pH of interest.

 The solution itself at the end-point may be:

 Basic, if the reaction involves a strong base and a
weak acid.
 Neutral, if the reaction involves a strong acid
and a strong base.
 Acidic, if the reaction involves a strong acid and
a weak base.
Methods of Solving
Titration Problems:

a) using stoichiometry

b) using the titration formula

aMaVa=bMbVb.
Ex. 1

What is the concentration of HCl if 30.0 mL of

0.10 M NaOH neutralizes 50.0mL HCl?
NaOH + HCl  H2O + NaCl
Hint: Use aMaVa=bMbVb
Ma=

How many moles of HCl were used?

Hint: #moles= MaVa , but convert the volume to
L( 50mL=0.05L).
Ex. 2

A 20.0 mL solution of Sr(OH)2 is neutralized

after 25.0 mL of standard 0.05 M HCl is
added. What is the concentration of
Sr(OH)2?
2 HCl + Sr(OH)2  2 H2O + SrCl2
Ex. 3

 How many mL of 0.20 M H3PO4 are

needed to neutralize 55.0 mL of a 0.10 M
solution of NaOH?
Ex. 4

 What volume of 0.20M Ca(OH)2 will

neutralize 45.0 mL of a 1M solution of
HClO3?

The End