SAMPLIN

G
SELECTING SAMPLE: THE CONCEPT OF
POPULATION AND SAMPLE

 Population is a large group of people, which you specify

to conduct the research and to answer the research
question
 Population is the area where the results of the study are
generalized
 Population is the whole or the entire group; the research
study is being conducted to get information about, whose
properties are analyzed to find the answer or the solution
and the results are drawn.
 Population is referred to as “Whole” or “All”.
WHAT IS SAMPLE?
 Sample is the smaller group, which is
selected from the population
 Results are drawn from the sample and
generalized to the entire population
 Number of the sample depends upon the
requirement of the research
WHAT IS SAMPLING..?
 Sampling, is the process of selecting a few (a sample)
from a bigger group (the sampling population, its
procedure) to become the basis for estimating or
predicting the prevalence of an unknown piece of
information, situation or outcome regarding the bigger
group.
Example of Population Example of Sample:
•All the private schools  Fifty students of fifth
teachers of Rawalpindi grade
 Sixty primary school
•All the seventh grade teachers
students of Islamabad  Hundred students
•All the primary school
studying in private
teachers
school
NEED FOR SAMPLING
 “Why to select the sample if the population is there to be
studied and to get information?”

 Impossibility of studying each and every individual in the

whole population
 More time and efforts of the researcher are required

 Large amount of money is involved in studying the whole

population
STEPS INVOLVED IN SELECTING THE
APPROPRIATE SAMPLE

Following are the steps involved in the selection

of an appropriate sample:
 Defining the population

 Selection of specified group from population

referred to as accessible population
 Selection of the sample from that accessible

population.
TYPES OF SAMPLING
To get a representative and unbiased sample one must
follow the following sampling techniques
1. Probability Sampling
 In probability sampling every individual in the
population has an equal chance to be included in the
sample of the study
 It provides the researcher the more representative
sample, so it can be said the more reliable sampling
procedure
 THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
PROBABILITY SAMPLING:
Simple Random Sampling
In simple random sampling:
1.Applicable when population is small, homogeneous and
readily available
2.All subsets of the frame are given an equal probability.
Each element of the frame thus has an equal probability of
selection.
3.It provides for greatest number of possible samples. This
is done by assigning a number to each unit in the sampling
frame.
4.A table of random number or lottery system is used to
determine which units are to be selected.
PROCEDURE OF SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING

 Need for sampling frame, containing information

about each and every individual of the population.
 Using the table of random numbers so that the
numbers may be assigned to the members of
population.
 Numbers in the table must be according to the number
of population i.e.
(If total population is 1,000, the directory must be comprised
of the numbers from 0000 to 0999).
2) Stratified Sampling

In stratified sampling:

 Sample is not selected directly from the population.

 Population is divided into subgroups, referred to as
strata.
 Sample is selected from these strata, proportionally.

 Proportions are prior set by the researcher.

3) Cluster Sampling
 
Cluster sampling:

 It is the Identification and study of the sample in the

form of groups.
 It is done when the researcher cannot find the required
sample due to some specific reason.
 So it involves the identification of the groups and
studying them.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
 Two types of cluster sampling methods.
 One-stage sampling. All of the elements within selected
clusters are included in the sample.
 Two-stage sampling. A subset of elements within
selected clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in
the sample.
 Population divided into clusters of homogeneous units,
usually based on geographical conditions.
 Sample unit known as group not individual.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRATA AND
CLUSTER
 Although strata and clusters are both non-overlapping
subsets of the population, they differ in several ways.
 All strata are represented in the sample; but only a
subset of clusters are in the sample.
 With stratified sampling, the best survey results occur
when elements within strata are internally homogeneous.
However, with cluster sampling, the best results occur
when elements within clusters are internally
heterogeneous
 4) Systematic Sampling

 Sample is selected with the help of sampling frame or the list

containing information about each and every member of the
population.
 kth number is determined.

 Procedure for Determining Kth Number

 For determining the kth number, total number of population
(N) is divided by the desired number of sample (n) and the
value is determined as kth number.
 Then every kth number from the list is included in the sample.
 Look at the procedure to determine kth number in the following
example:

Example:
Procedure for Determining Kth number 
 Total No. of Population (N) = 1000

 Desired Sample (n) = 200

 K = 1000/200 = (N/n) = 5

 Kth number = 5

 In the above example “5” is the Kth number, so in the list of

population, every 5th number will be included in the sample.
Look at the following example:
Example:
List of the Names in Population
 
1.A 7. G 13. M
2.B 8. H 14. N
3.C 9. I 15. O
4.D 10. J 16. P
5.E 11. K 17. Q
6.F 12. L 18. R
 
2. NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

 In non probability sampling the sample is not selected

randomly
 It is used where the population is widely spread and it is
difficult to use any sampling frame for such a great
population
Following are most commonly used techniques of non-
probability sampling:
FOLLOWING ARE MOST COMMONLY USED
TECHNIQUES OF NON-PROBABILITY
SAMPLING:

1. Purposive Sampling
 In purposive sampling the researcher includes the people
in sample according to criteria
 It is called Judgment Sampling also

2.Quota Sampling 
 Quota sampling is used in face to face interviews

 The researcher fixes a quota and then according to that

quota the sample is selected.
CONT’D..
Example:

 See if you are going to compare the status of educated

and non educated individuals in a society, you identify
that 50% educated individuals and 50% non-educated
individuals will be included in the sample.
 It means you are selecting a quota

 So according to this predefined quota, the sample is

selected.
3. Convenience Sampling

 Convenience sampling involves no prior plan but the

researcher can ask every one to be included in sample even
while walking on the way.
CONT’D..
 4. Snowball Sampling
 The researcher does not prepare any sampling frame

 The researcher comes to know the availability of the

people with some specific characteristics according to
the requirement of the study, who are generally not
available
 The researcher approaches to them
CONT’D..
 Then these specific people inform the researcher about
the availability of the people with the same
characteristics somewhere else and thus the researcher
moves to further people with such characteristics