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Unit 1: Computer Networks: Evolution of Data Networks, Networks Architecture

The document discusses key concepts in computer networks including protocols, standards, network components, different types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN), network topologies, data representation and flow, and performance criteria. Protocols define rules for communication and standards ensure interoperability. Networks are comprised of messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. Common topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations. [/SUMMARY]

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Vibhav Mahale
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25 views20 pages

Unit 1: Computer Networks: Evolution of Data Networks, Networks Architecture

The document discusses key concepts in computer networks including protocols, standards, network components, different types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN), network topologies, data representation and flow, and performance criteria. Protocols define rules for communication and standards ensure interoperability. Networks are comprised of messages, senders, receivers, transmission medium, and protocols. Common topologies include bus, star, ring, and mesh configurations. [/SUMMARY]

Uploaded by

Vibhav Mahale
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 1: Computer Networks

Evolution of data Networks,


Networks architecture
Introduction

Data communications between remote parties can be


achieved through a process called networking,
involving the connection of (internetworking devices)
computers, media, and networking devices.
Protocols and standards
Protocols
 In networks, communication occurs between applications in
different systems.
 These applications must agree on a protocol.
 A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.
 A protocol defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
 The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics, and timing.

Standards
 Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and
competitive market for equipment manufacturers
 Guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data
and telecommunications technology and processes.  

Data communication standards fall into two categories:


 de facto (meaning "by fact" or "by convention")
 and de jure (meaning "by law" or "by regulation")
The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:
delivery
accuracy
timeliness, and
jitter
Components:

Message
Sender
Receiver
Transmission medium
Protocol
Data Representation

Text
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
Data Flow
Simplex
Half-duplex
Full-duplex
Network Criteria
Performance – depends on
 The number of users,
 The type of transmission medium,
 The capabilities of the connected hardware, and
 The efficiency of the software.
 Metrics used to calculate performance are throughput and delay

Reliability – depends on
Accuracy of delivery,
Measuring the frequency of failure, and
The network's robustness in a catastrophe.

Security - depends on issues like


Protecting data from unauthorized access,
Protecting data from damage and development, and
Implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.
Physical Structures:
Type of Connection
1. Point – to – point connection
2. Point – to – multi point connection
Categories of topology
1. Mesh topology
2. Star topology
3. Bus topology
4. Ring topology
5. A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus
networks 
Categories of Networks
Local Area Network
 A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and
links the devices in a single office, building, or campus
 Extended throughout a company and include audio and
video peripherals.
 LAN size is limited to a few kilometers.
 LANs are designed to allow resources to be shared between
personal computers or workstations.
 LANs are distinguished from other types of networks by
their transmission media and topology.
 The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring, and star.
 Early LANs had data rates in the 4 to 16 megabits per
second (Mbps) range, speeds are normally 100 or 1000
Mbps
Wide Area Network
 A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance
transmission over large geographic areas
 A WAN can be as complex as the backbones that connect the
Internet or as simple as a dial-up line that connects a home
computer to the Internet.
 The switched WAN connects the end systems, which usually
comprise a router (internetworking connecting device) that
connects to another LAN or WAN.
 The point-to-point WAN is normally a line leased from a
telephone or cable TV provider that connects a home
computer or a small LAN to an Internet service provider
(ISP).
 An example of a switched WAN is X.25, Frame Relay, and
asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) network
Metropolitan Area Networks
Network with a size between a LAN and a WAN.
It normally covers the area inside a town or a city.
It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city.
Example of a MAN is the part of the telephone
company network that can provide a high-speed DSL
line to the customer, cable TV network that originally
was designed for cable TV
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS

Standards Creation Committees (ISO,IEEE,ANSI)


Forums (to test, evaluate, and standardize new
technologies)
Regulatory Agencies
Isochronous

In real-time audio and video, in which uneven delays


between frames are not acceptable, synchronous
transmission fails.
If each image is sent by using one or more frames,
there should be no delays between frames. For this
type of application, synchronization between
characters is not enough; the entire stream of bits must
be synchronized.
The isochronous transmission guarantees that the data
arrive at a fixed rate.

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