CHAPTER 3

Mass Relationships
in Chemical Reactions

Dr. Sultana Bedoura

 OUTLINE 2
 Atomic mass
 Avogadro’s number
 Molar mass
 Molecular mass
 The Mass Spectrometer
 Percent composition of compounds
 Molecular and empirical formulas
 Chemical reaction and equation
 Amounts of reactants and products
 Limiting reagents and reaction yield
 ATOMIC MASS 3
 Mass of an atom, depends on the number of subatomic particles
 Exact weight measurement of sub atomic particles are not possible.
 Need a standard value to measure
 amu (atomic mass units) is that standard value which is defines as –
“a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom ”
By definition
1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass unit (amu)
On this scale, H = 1.008 amu
1

16
0 = 16.000 amu
 AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS 4
 Why C has atomic mass 12. 01 amu instead of 12.00 amu?
 The reason for the difference is that most naturally occurring elements
Average atomic mass
(including carbon) have more than one isotope
 The average atomic mass is the weighted average of all of the
naturally occurring isotopes of the element
 Average atomic mass of C:
C isotopes Natural abundance (%) Atomic mass (amu)
12
C 98.90 12.00000
13
C 1.10 13.00335

98.90 x 12.00000 + 1.10 x 13.00335

= 12.011 amu
100
 AVOGADRO’S NUMBER 5
 The mole: A unit to count numbers of particles
 Like
Dozen = 12
Pair = 2

The mole (mol) is the amount of substance that contains as elementary

entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C.
1 mol = NA = 6.0221367 X 1023

Avogadro’s number (NA)

 MOLAR MASS 6
 Molar mass is the mass of 1 mol of X in grams
 Molar mass is exactly same as the atomic mass
but in grams/ kg, not in amu
 1 mol 12C atoms = 6.022 X 1023 atoms = 12.00 g
 1 12C atom = 12.00 amu
 1 mol 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
 1 mol lithium atom = 6.941 g of Li

For any element

Atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
CALCULATING THE MASS OF ATOM IN GRAMS
7
 Knowing the molar mass and Avogadro’s number, we can calculate the
mass of a single atom in grams.
 Example:
We know,
 1 mol 12C atoms = 6.022 X 1023 atoms
 1 mol 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C
The mass of one 12C atom is given by,

12.00 g 12C atoms

= 1.993 X 10-23 g
6.022 X 1023 12C atoms
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN amu & gram 8
m/M nNA
Mass of Number of moles of Number of atoms
element (m) nM element (n) N/NA of element (N)
 M = molar mass in g/mol
 NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.0221367 X 1023
1 12C atom x 12.00 g 1.66 x 10-24 g
=
12.00 amu x 6.022 x 1023 12C atoms 1 amu
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
or 1 g = 6.022 x 1023 amu
 How many atoms are in 0.551 g of potassium (K) ? 9

 1 mol K = 39.10 g K
 1 mol K = 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

0.551 g K x 1 mol K x 6.022 x 1023 atoms K

39.10 g K 1 mol K

= 8.49 x 1021 atoms K

 TASKS 10
 How many moles of He atoms are in 6.46 g of He?
[ 1 mol He = 4.003 g He]
ans: 1 .61 mol He atoms
 What is the mass in grams of 13.2 amu?
ans: 2.19 × 10−23 g
 How many atoms are there in 5.10 moles of sulfur(S)?
[ 1 mol S = 32.06 g S]
ans: 3.07 × 1024 S atoms
 How many grams of gold (Au) are there in 15.3 moles of Au?
[ 1 mol Au =197.0 g Au]
ans: 3.01 × 103 g Au
 MOLECULAR MASS 11
 Molecular mass (or molecular weight) is the sum of the atomic masses (in
amu) in a molecule.
1S 32.07 amu
2O + 2 x 16.00 amu
SO2 64.07 amu

For any molecule

Molecular mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)

1 molecule SO2 = 64.07 amu

A mol SO2 = 64.07 g SO2
 How many H atoms are in 72.5 g of C3H8O ? 12

 1 mol C3H8O = (3 x 12) + (8 x 1) + 16 = 60 g C3H8O

 1 mol C3H8O molecules = 8 mol H atoms
 1 mol H = 6.022 x 1023 atoms H

1 mol C H O 8 mol H atoms 6.022 x 10 23

H atoms
72.5 g C3H8O x 3 8
x x
60 g C3H8O 1 mol C3H8O 1 mol H atoms
= 5.82 x 1024 atoms H
 FORMULA MASS 13
 Formula mass is the sum of the atomic masses (in amu) in a formula unit of
an ionic compound
1Na 22.99 amu
1Cl + 35.45 amu
NaCl 58.44 amu

For any ionic compound

formula mass (amu) = molar mass (grams)
1 formula unit NaCl = 58.44 amu
1 mole NaCl = 58.44 g NaCl
 14
What is the formula mass of Ca3(PO4)2 ?

 1 formula unit of Ca3(PO4)2

 3 Ca 3 x 40.08
 2P 2 x 30.97
 8O + 8 x 16.00
310.18 amu
 MASS SPECTROMETER 15
 Stage 1: Ionisation
The atom or molecule is ionized by
knocking one or more electrons off to
give a positive ion
 Stage 2: Acceleration
The ions are accelerated so that they have the
same kinetic energy
 Stage 3: Deflection
The ions are deflected by magnetic field according to their masses
 Stage 4: Detection
The beam of ions passing through the machine is detected electrically
 PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
16
 Percent composition of an element in a compound =
n x molar mass of element
molar mass of compound x 100%
n is the number of moles of the element in 1 mole of the compound
2 x (12.01 g)
%C = 46.07 g x 100% = 52.14%
6 x (1.008 g)
%H = x 100% = 13.13%
46.07 g
1 x (16.00 g)
%O = x 100% = 34.73%
C2H6O 46.07 g
52.14% + 13.13% + 34.73% = 100.0%
PERCENT COMPOSITION AND EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
17
Mass present  Determine the empirical formula of a
Convert to grams and compound that has the following percent
divide by molar mass
composition by mass:K 24.75, Mn 34.77, O
Moles of each
element
40.51 percent.
Divide by the smallest 1 mol K
number of moles nK = 24.75 g K x = 0.6330 mol K
39.10 g K
Mole ratios of 1 mol Mn
elements nMn = 34.77 g Mn x = 0.6329 mol Mn
Change to integer
54.94 g Mn
subscript
1 mol O
Empirical nO = 40.51 g O x = 2.532 mol O
formula
16.00 g O
 CONTINUING 18
Mass present

Convert to grams and

nK = 0.6330, nMn = 0.6329, nO = 2.532
divide by molar mass

Moles of each 0.6330

element K:
0.6329 ~~ 1.0
Divide by the smallest
number of moles Mn : 0.6329 = 1.0
0.6329
Mole ratios of
elements O : 2.532 ~~ 4.0
Change to integer
0.6329
subscript

Empirical Answer : KMnO4

formula
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL FORMULAS
19
O2 Unused O2

Heat
 Combust 11.5 g ethanol
 Collect 22.0 g CO2 and 13.5 g H2O H2O
absorber
CO2
absorber

 11.5 g of sample
g CO2 mol CO2 mol C gC 6.0 g C = 0.5 mol C
g H2O mol H2O mol H gH 1.5 g H = 1.5 mol H
g of O = g of sample – (g of C + g of H) 4.0 g O = 0.25 mol O
Empirical formula C0.5H1.5O0.25
Divide by smallest subscript (0.25)
Empirical formula C H O
DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULAS
 The steps are:
Calculate empirical molar mass

Molar mass is known

Divide molar mass by empirical

molar mass
It is a simple integer

Multiply the subscripts of empirical

formula with the result
 DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR FORMULAS
 Hydrogen per oxide has an empirical formula of HO. What is the
molecular formula?
 Given the molar mass of hydrogen per oxide is 32.02g.

Empirical molar mass of HO= (1.008+16)g

= 17.008 g
Empirical molar mass 32.02g
= = 1.88 ~ 2
Molar mass 17.008g

Molecular formula of HO = (HO) 2 = H2O2

 CHEMICAL REACTION & CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
22
 A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances is
changed into one or more new substances.
 A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens
during a chemical reaction.
Reactants Products
 Example : H2 gas burns in air (which contains O2) to form H2O
3 ways of representing the above reaction


Two hydrogen  One oxygen Two water

molecules molecule molecules
2H2  O2 2H2O
 HOW TO READ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
23
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO

 2 atoms Mg + 1 molecule O2 makes 2 formula units MgO

 2 moles Mg + 1 mole O2 makes 2 moles MgO

 48.6 grams Mg + 32.0 grams O2 makes 80.6 g MgO

NOT
2 grams Mg + 1 gram O2 makes 2 g MgO
 BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
24
 Write the correct formula (s) for the reactants on the left side and the
correct formula (s) for the product(s) on the right side of the equation.
 Change the numbers in front of the formulas (coefficients) to make the
number of atoms of each element the same on both sides of the equation. Do
not change the subscript.
 Start by balancing those elements that appear in only one reactant and
one product.
 Balance those elements that appear in two or more reactants or products.
 Check to make sure that you have the same number of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation.
 AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS
25

 Write balanced chemical equation.

 Convert quantities of known substances into moles.
 Use coefficients in balanced equation to calculate the number of
moles of the sought quantity.
 Convert moles of sought quantity into desired units.
 Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O 26
If 209 g of methanol are used up in the combustion,
what mass of water is produced?

grams CH3OH moles CH3OH moles H2O grams H2O

molar mass coefficients molar mass
CH3OH chemical equation H2 O

209 g CH3OH x 1 mol CH3OH x 4 mol H2O x 18.0 g H2O

32.0 g CH3OH 2 mol CH3OH 1 mol H2O
= 235 g H2O
 LIMITING REAGENTS
27
 Limiting reagent : the reactant used up first in a
reaction
 because the maximum amount of product formed
depends on how much of this reactant was originally
present
 Excess reagents : the reactants present in quantities
greater than necessary to react with the quantity of the
limiting reagent
2NO + O2 2NO2 NO is the limiting reagent
O2 is the excess reagent
  In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe 2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe 28
Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed.

g Al mol Al mol Fe2O3 needed g Fe2O3 needed

OR
g Fe2O3 mol Fe2O3 mol Al needed g Al needed

1 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3 160. g Fe2O3

124 g Al x x x = 367 g Fe2O3
27.0 g Al 2 mol Al 1 mol Fe2O3
Start with 124 g Al need 367 g Fe2O3
Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent.
 CONTINUING
29
Use limiting reagent (Al) to calculate amount of product that
can be formed.
g Al mol Al mol Al2O3 g Al2O3
2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe
1 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3 102. g Al O3 =
124 g Al x 27.0 g Al x x 2 234 g Al2O3
2 mol Al 1 mol Al2O3

At this point, all the Al is consumed and Fe2O3 remains in excess.

Thank you