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Learning

The document discusses different theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus through repeated pairing, while operant conditioning examines how voluntary behaviors are strengthened by rewards or weakened by punishments. Social learning theory proposes that people learn through observing and imitating others. The document also covers concepts like reinforcement, punishment, and schedules of reinforcement, which influence how behaviors are strengthened or weakened through consequences.

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Siva Shanthi
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44 views18 pages

Learning

The document discusses different theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory. Classical conditioning involves associating a neutral stimulus with another stimulus through repeated pairing, while operant conditioning examines how voluntary behaviors are strengthened by rewards or weakened by punishments. Social learning theory proposes that people learn through observing and imitating others. The document also covers concepts like reinforcement, punishment, and schedules of reinforcement, which influence how behaviors are strengthened or weakened through consequences.

Uploaded by

Siva Shanthi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEARNING

Definition of Learning
■ Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of
experience.

■ The acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, practice or


experience.
Theories in Learning

■ Classical Conditioning Theory of Learning


■ Instrumental/Operant Conditioning Theory of Learning
■ Social Learning Theory.
Classical Conditioning
- Ivan Pavlov

■ Learning takes place through:

■ Association: a link between two events or entities that permits


one to activate the other
■ Ivan Pavlov and his work on classical conditioning.
■ Influenced by Behavioral perspective in Psychology.
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning:
■ Learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes
associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that
stimulus.
Generalization and Discrimination

■ Stimulus Generalization is the tendency for the conditioned stimulus


to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned.
■ Generalization between two similar stimuli
■ Stimulus Discrimination
Tendency to discriminate between stimulus and therefore weaken the
effect of the stimulus on the required response

■ Extinction
Operant/ Instrumental Conditioning
– B.F. Skinner

Operant Conditioning A process through which organisms learn to


repeat behaviors that yield positive outcomes or permit them to
avoid or escape from negative outcomes.

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior


leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Reinforcement
The application or removal of a stimulus to increase the strength of
a specific behavior.
Types of Examples of reinforcement to increase productivity at
reinforcement work.

Positive Reinforcement- stimuli that strengthens 1. Competitive salary


responses that proceeds them. 2. Performance bonuses
3. Education reimbursement
4. Onsite daycare services
5. Opportunity for career advancement

Negative Reinforcement-stimuli that strengthens 1. Reduce workload to make it more manageable.


responses that permit the organism to avoid or escape 2. Reduce office noise or lack of privacy by changing
from their presence. office settings.
3. Reduce frequent and lengthy meetings.
4. Reduce lengthy commute time by changing office
hours.
5. Completing your task to avoid your boss nagging you.
Punishment

■ A procedure by which the application(of an unpleasant stimulus) or


removal of a stimulus (pleasant stimulus) decreases the strength of a
behavior.
■ Examples-
– Loss of pay for absenteeism without a prior information.
– One day loss of leave for arriving to office late three times a
month.
– Extra workload given to those employees that underperform
in a particular quarter.
– Adding extra sensitivity training to employees who offend or
harass someone at work.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Rules to determine when and how reinforcements will be delivered.
Two Types
a. Continuous Reinforcement: Positive reinforcers for every occurrence
b. Intermittent Reinforcement: Positive reinforcers occur in intervals.
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed ratio schedule
Fixed interval schedule
Variable ratio schedule
Variable interval schedule
Fixed Variable

Interval

(Time)
Schedules of reinforcement
Reinforcer is given after a specific passage of
time.
Reinforcer given at random passage of time.

1. Random visit by audit office during a


1.Salary paid monthly, fortnightly or financial year.
weekly. 2. Pop-up quizzes given to students anytime
2. Team lunches every Friday. during a semester.

Ratio Reinforcer given after a specific no. of Reinforcer given after a random number of responses or
responses or completion of tasks completion of tasks.
(Output)
1. Piece rate pay 1. Random quality checks on any assembly
2. Sales commission paid after a batch manufactured, conducted for zero
certain number of sales defects.
2. Sales commission earned after random
number of calls made by the salesman.
Which schedule of reinforcement is
most effective?

Ferster and Skinner (1957). 


Behavior Modification /OB
Mod
■ Application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work
setting.

1. Identifying critical behaviors


2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and implement an intervention strategy
5. Evaluate performance improvement
Social /Observational Learning Theory.
-Albert Bandura

■ Blend of behaviorist & cognitive approach to learning .

■ Albert Bandura - “People learn by imitation/ observing others”

■ Vicarious Learning –Indirect learning through observation and

through the process of modeling.

■ Observational Learning.
Social Learning

Key factors in Observational learning

1. Attention

2. Retention

3. Imitation / Enacting role model

4. Motivation
■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6AYofQchoM

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-XttvR7NxHw

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=asmXyJaXBC8

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lYsmt9qUVI

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmBqwWlJg8U

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fanm--WyQJo

■ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-YWrPzsmEE&t=224s

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