A

SUMMER TRAINING
REPORT ON CORE JAVA
UNDERTAKEN

NEUMANN’S INSTITUTE OF
COMPUTER STUDIES
I

ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Nidhi Mittal Mr.Ashutosh Dubey Sir
( Assistant Professor)

BSA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (U.P.)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to NEUMANN’S INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER STUDIES for giving me

opportunity to

carry out the project work in the area of console based portal designing during my training. I

would like to also thank my institute, BSA College Of Engineering &Technology, Mathura for

giving permission and necessary administrative support to take up the training work at

Neumann’s Institute Of Computer Studies.

Deepest thanks to our Trainer Mr. Ashok Agrawal (Senior Trainer) for his guidance,

monitoring, constant encouragement and correcting various assignments of ours with attention

and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and training sessions and make necessary

corrections as when needed and we are very grateful for that.

NIDHI MITTAL
 CONTENT

1. Acknowledgement...........................................................................................................i
2. Introduction.....................................................................................................................1
3. Organisation....................................................................................................................2
4. Basics Of Java.................................................................................................................2
4.1. Overview Of Java...................................................................................................2
4.2. Features Of Java.....................................................................................................3
4.3. Java ClassPath Setting............................................................................................4
4.4. Steps For Compiling And ExecutiPrograms..........................................................4
4.5. Difference Between JDK,JREJVM...................................................................5
4.6. Object And
Class........................................................................................................5
4.7. Data
Types..................................................................................................................6
4.8.
Variables.....................................................................................................................7
4.9. Operators And Its
Types..............................................................................................7

5. Programming Concepts......................................................................................................7
5.1. Structure Of Java Program..........................................................................................7
5.2. Main Method...............................................................................................................8
5.3. Decision Making Statement........................................................................................8
5.4. Looping Statement......................................................................................................8
5.5. Wrapper Classes..........................................................................................................9
5.6. Access Modifiers.........................................................................................................9

6. Java Useful Keywords........................................................................................................9

6.1. Final.............................................................................................................................9
6.2. Static ...........................................................................................................................9
6.3. This..............................................................................................................................10
6.4. Super............................................................................................................................10
6.5. Synchronized...............................................................................................................10

7. Java Classes, Blocks And Constructors...............................................................................11

7.1. Abstract Classes............................................................................................................11
7.2. Constructors..................................................................................................................11
7.3. Constructors And Its Types...........................................................................................11
7.4. Static Block In Java.......................................................................................................11
7.5. Relationship In Java......................................................................................................11

8. Java Object Oriented........................................................................................................12

8.1 . Inheritance.................................................................................................................12
8.2. Method Overloading..................................................................................................13
8.3. Method Overriding....................................................................................................13
8.4. Interface.....................................................................................................................14
8.5. Abstraction................................................................................................................14
8.6. Encapsulation............................................................................................................15
 8.7. Polymorphism...........................................................................................................15

9. Java Advanced..................................................................................................................16
9.1. Package......................................................................................................................16
9.2. Exception Handling...................................................................................................16
9.3. Multithreading...........................................................................................................17
9.4. String..........................................................................................................................17
9.5. Collection...................................................................................................................18

10
Conclusions....................................................................................................................21

References....................................................................................................................22
 INTRODUCTION

Java is one of the programming language or technology used for

developing web applications. Java language developed at SUN
Micro Systems in the year 1995 under the guidance of James

Gosling and there team. Originally SUN Micro Systems is one of the
Academic university (Standford University Network)

Whatever the software developed in the year 1990, SUN Micro

Systems has released on the name of oak, which is original name of
java (scientifically oak is one of the tree name). The OAK has taken
18 months to develop.The oak is unable to fulfill all requirements of
the industry. So James Gosling again reviews this oak and released
with the name of java in the year 1995. Scientifically java is one of
the coffee seed name.
Java divided into three categories, they are

J2SE
J
J2SE is used for developing client side applications.

J2EE
J2EE is used for developing server side applications.

•J2ME

J2ME is used for developing mobile or wireless application by making use of a

N
predefined protocol called WAP (wireless Access / Application protocol).
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Administration with Scripting, Networking concepts with security.

BASICS OF JAVA

Overview Of Java
Java is a platform independent, more powerful, secure, high performance,
multithreaded programming language. Here we discuss some points related to java
•JRE
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java Development Kit (JDK).
It contains set of libraries and tools for developing java application. The Java
Runtime Environment provides the minimum requirements for executing a Java
application.
•JVM
JVM is set of programs developed by sun Micro System and supplied as a part of jdk
for reading line by line of byte code and it converts into native understanding form
of operating system. Java language is one of the compiled and interpreted
programming language.
•GARBAGE COLLECTOR
Garbage Collector is the system Java program which runs in the background along
with regular Java program to collect un-Referenced (unused) memory space for
improving the performance of our applications.
• API
An API (Application Programming Interface) is a collection of packages, a
package is the collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages. A sub-
package is a collection of classes interfaces and sub sub packages etc.
Java programming is containing user friendly syntax so that we can develop
effective application
s. in other words if any language is providing user friendly syntax, we can
develop error free applications.
• JIT
JIT is the set of programs developed by SUN Micro System and added as a part
+-9.2of JVM, to speed up the interpretation phase
Features Of JAVA

Features of a language are nothing but the set of services or facilities provided
by the language vendors to the industry programmers. Some important features
are;
Java Classpath Setting

Path Variable
Path variable is set for providing path for all java tools like java, javac, javap,
javah, jar, appletviewer which are use in java programming. These all tools are
available in bin folders so we set path upto bin folders.

Classpath Variable
Classpath variable is set for providing path for predefined java classes which is
used in our application. All classes are available in lib/rt.jar so we set classpath
upto lib/rt.jar.
Steps For CompilingAnd Executing Programs

The following sequence of steps represented in the diagram use compiling the
java program and executing the java programs.

Difference Between JDK,JRE AND JVM

Jvm, Jre, Jdk these all the backbone of java language. Each
components have separate works. Jdk and Jre physically exists but
Jvm are abstract machine it means it not physically exists.
JVM : JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a software. It is a specification that
provides runtime environment in which java bytecode can be executed. It not
physically exists.JVMs are not same for all hardware and software, for
example for window os JVM is different and for Linux VJM is different. JVM,
JRE and JDK are platform dependent because configuration of each OS differs.
But, Java is platform independent.
JRE : The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java Development
Kit (JDK). It contains set of libraries and tools for developing java application.
The Java Runtime Environment provides the minimum requirements for
executing a Java application. It physically exists. It contains set of libraries +
other files that JVM uses at runtime.
JDK : The Java Development Kit (JDK) is primary components. It physically
exists. It is collection of programming tools and JRE, JVM.

Object And Class

Object is the physical as well as logical entity where as class is the

only logical entity. Class: Class is a blue print which is containing
only list of variables and method and no memory is allocated for
them. A class is a group of objects that has common properties.
 A class in java contains:
• Data Member
• Methods
• Constructor
• Block
• Class and interface

Object: Object is a instance of class, object has state and behaviors.An Object in
java has three characteristics:
•State
•Behaviour
• Identity

State: Represents data (value) of an object.

Behavior: Represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit,
withdraw etc.
Identity: Object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of
the ID is not visible to the external user. But,it is used internally by the JVM to
identify each object uniquely.
Class is also can be used to achieve user defined data types.
Data Types

Datatype is a spacial keyword used to allocate sufficient memory space for

the data, in other words Data type is used for representing the data in main
memory (RAM) of the computer.
In general every programming language is containing three categories of data
types. They are
• Fundamental or primitive data types
• Derived data types
• User derived data types
Data Type Default Value Default size
boolean false 1 bit
char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte

Variable
Variable is an identifier which holds data or another one variable is an
identifier whose value can be changed at the execution time of program. Variable
is an identifier which can be used to identify input data in a program.

Operators And Its Types

Operator is a special symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific

mathematical or logical Operation. Java supports following lists of operators.
 Arithmetic Operators
• Relational operator
 Logical Operators
 Assignment operator
 Bitwise Operator
• Ternary or Conditional Operators

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Structure Of Java Program

Structure of a java program is the standard format released by Language developer

to the Industry programmer. Sun Micro System has prescribed the following
structure for the java programmers for developing java application.
 • A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-packages. A
sub package contains collection of classes, interfaces and sub-sub
packages etc. java.lang.*; package is imported by default and this
package known as default package.
• Class is keyword used for developing user defined data type and every
java program must start with a concept of class.
Main( ) Method

main() method is starting execution block of a java program or any java

program start their execution from main method. If any class contain main()
method known as main class.

Decision Making Statement

Decision making statement statements is also called selection statement. That

is depending on the condition block need to be executed or not which is decided
by condition. If the condition is "true" statement block will be executed, if
condition is "false" then statement block will not be executed. In java there are
three types of decision making statement.
•If
•If-else
•Switch
Looping statement:
•For loop
•While loop
• do-while loop
Wrapper Classes
For each and every fundamental data type there exist a pre-defined class, Such
predefined class is known as wrapper class. The purpose of wrapper class is to
convert numeric string data into numerical or fundamental data.
Access modifiers:
Access modifiers are those which are applied before data members or methods
of a class. These are used to where to access and where not to access the data
members or methods. In java programming we have four access modifiers they
are

JAVA USEFUL KEYWORDS

Final keyword
In java language final keyword can be used in following way.

• Final at variable level

 Final at method level
 Final at class level
Static keyword
The static keyword is used in java mainly for memory management. Static
keyword are used with variables, methods, blocks and nested class. Static is a
keyword that are used for share the same variable or method of a given class.
This is used for a constant variable or a method that is the same for every
instance of a class. The main method of a class is generally labeled static.
In java language static keyword can be used for following

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class

This keyword
this is a reference variable that refers to the current object. It is a keyword in
java language represents current class object
"this" keyword can be use in
two ways.
 this . (this dot)

this() (this off)
Super keyword

Super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class
object. Super is an implicit keyword create by JVM and supply each and every
java program for performing important role in three places.
• At variable level

• At method level
• At constructor level
 Synchronized keyword
Synchronized Keyword is used for when we want to allow only one thread at
a time then use Synchronized modifier. If a method or block declared as a
Synchronized then at a time only one thread is allowed to operate on the
given object.

JAVA CLASSES, BLOCKS AND CONSTRUCTORS

Abstract Classes
We know that every java program must start with a concept of
class that is without classes concept there is no java program perfect.In java
programming we have two types of classes they are
1. Concrete class
2. Abstract class

Constructor And Its Types

A constructor is a special member method which will be called implicitly
(automatically) by the JVM whenever an object is created for placing user or
programmer defined values in place of default values. In a single word
constructor is a special member method which will be called automatically
whenever object is created.
The purpose of constructor is to initialize an object called object initialization.
Constructors are mainly create for initializing the object. Initialization is a
process of assigning user defined values at the time of allocation of memory
space.
Types of constructors
Based on creating objects in Java constructor are classified in two types.
They are
* Default or no arguments
* Parameterized Constructor
 Static Block in Java
Static block is a set of statements, which will be executed by the JVM before execution
of main method. At the time of class loading if we want to perform any activity we have
to define that activity inside static block because static block execute at the time of class
loading.
In a class we can take any number of static block but all these static block will be execute
from top to bottom.
Relationship in Java
Type of relationship always makes to understand how to reuse the feature from one class
to another class. In java programming we have two types of relationship they are.
 Is-A Relationship
 Has-A Relationship
JAVA OBJECT ORIENTED

Inheritance
The process of obtaining the data members and methods from one class to
another class is known as inheritance. It is one of the fundamental features
of object-oriented programming.
A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as abstract class. An
abstract class is one which is containing some defined method and some
undefined method. In java programming undefined methods are known as un-
Implemented or abstract method.The process of obtaining the data members
and methods from one class to another class is know as inheritance. It is one
of the fundamental features of object-oriented programming.
Types of Inheritance
 Single inheritance
 Multiple inheritance
 Hierarchical inheritance
 Multi level inheritance
 Hybrid Inheritance
Why use Inheritance ?
• For Method Overriding (used for Runtime Polymorphism
• For Method Overloading (used for compiletime Polymorphism)
It's main uses are to enable polymorphism and to be able to reuse
code for different classes by putting it in a common super class
 For code Re-usability
Method Overloading
Whenever same method name is exiting multiple times in the same class
with different number of parameter or different order of parameters or
different types of parameters is known as method overloading
Why method overloading?
Suppose we have to perform addition of given number but there can be
any number of arguments, if we write method such as a(int, int)for two
arguments, b(int, int, int) for three arguments then it is very difficult for
you and other programmer to understand purpose or behaviors of method
they can not identify purpose of method. So we use method overloading
to easily figure out the program. For example above two methods we can
write sum(int, int) and sum(int, int, int) using method overloading
concept.
Different ways to overload the method

There are three ways to overload the method in java

* By changing number of arguments
*By changing the data type
*By changing the order of arguments
 Method Overriding
Whenever same method name is existing in both base class and derived class
with same types of parameters or same order of parameters is known as
method Overriding.
Advantage of Java Method Overriding
 Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a
method that is already provided by its super class
 Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism

Interface

Interface is similar to class which is collection of public static final variables

(constants) and abstract methods.The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully
abstraction in java. There can be only abstract methods in the interface. It is
used to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Why we use Interface ?
 It is used to achieve fully abstraction.
·When we use abstract and when Interface
By using Interface, you can achieve multiple inheritance in java.
If we do not know about any things about implementation just we have
requirement specification then we should be go for Interface
If we are talking about implementation but not completely (partially
implemented) then we should be go for abstract

Abstraction
Abstraction is the concept of exposing only the required essential
characteristics and behavior with respect to a context.
Hiding of data is known as data abstraction. In object oriented programming
language this is implemented automatically while writing the code in the form
of class and object.
Real life example of Abstraction
Abstraction shows only important things to the user and hides the internal
details for example when we ride a bike, we only know about how to ride bike
but can not know about how it work ? and also we do not know internal
functionality of bike.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation is a process of wrapping of data and methods in a single unit is
called encapsulation. Encapsulation is achieved in java language by class
concept.Combining of state and behavior in a single container is known as
encapsulation. In java language encapsulation can be achieve using class
keyword, state represents declaration of variables on attributes and behavior
represents operations in terms of method.
Benefits of encapsulation
•Provides abstraction between an object and its clients
•Protects an object from unwanted access by clients
Polymorphism
The process of representing one form in multiple forms is known as
Polymorphism.Here original form or original method always resides in base
class and multiple forms represents overridden method which resides in
derived classes.
Polymorphism is not a programming concept but it is one of the principal of
OOPs. For many objects oriented programming language polymorphism
principle is common but whose implementations are varying from one objects
oriented programming language to anotherobject oriented programming
language.
Polymorphism principal is divided into two sub principal they are:
 Static or Compile time polymorphism
 Dynamic or Runtime polymorphism

JAVA ADVANCED
Package
A package is a collection of similar types of classes, interface and sub-
packages. Purpose of package
The purpose of package concept is to provide common classes and interfaces
for any program separately. In other words if we want to develop any class or
interface which is common for most of the java programs than such common
classes and interfaces must be place in a package.
Exception Handling

The process of converting system error messages into user friendly error
message is known as Exception handling. This is one of the powerful feature
of Java to handle run time error and maintain normal flow of java application.
An Exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of a program,
that disrupts the normal flow of the program's Instructions.
Type of Exception
•Checked exception
•Unchecked exception

Hierarchy of Exception classes

Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously. The aim of multithreading is to achieve the concurrent
execution.
Thread

Thread is a lightweight components and it is a flow of control. In other words a

flow of control is known as thread.State of a thread are classified into five
types they are

1. New State 2 . Ready State 3.Runnimg State 4.Waiting State

5. Halted or dead State

String
String is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes (" ") is known
as String.
Example: "Java Programming".
In java programming to store the character data we have a fundamental datatype
called char. Similarly to store the string data and to perform various operation
on String data, we have three predefined classes they are:
•Sting
•String buffer
•String builder
Collection
Collections in java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and
manipulate the group of
objects.All the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting,
insertion,
manipulation, deletion etc. can be performed by Java Collections.Java
Collection simply means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework
provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList,
Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc).
 CONCLUSIONS

Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read

in our books. For this, we perform experiments and get observations. Practical
knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar with the
problems related to that field so that he may solve them and become a
successful person.
After achieving the proper goal in life, an engineer has to enter in
professional life.
According to this life, he has to serve an industry, may be public or private
sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field, he must be well aware of
the practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.

I have undergone my 2 month summer training in 7th sem at

NEUMANN’S INSTITUTEOF COMPUTER STUDIES. This report
is based on the knowledge, which I acquired during my 2 MONTH of
summer training.
REFERENCES

 HP Student Reference Guide

 OopS Concept by Sumita Arora

 Thinking In java(2nd edition)

 Google Group-javatechzone