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Omd 551 Basics of Biomedical Instrumentation

The document discusses biopotentials, which are electrical signals produced by living cells and tissues. It describes how biopotentials originate from ion concentration differences across cell membranes and how this leads to resting and action potentials. It also outlines different types of biopotential measurements like ECG, EEG, and EMG. Finally, it describes different electrode types used to interface with the body for biopotential sensing, including microelectrodes, skin surface electrodes, and needle electrodes, as well as issues that can arise during biopotential recording.

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krithikgokul selvam
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1K views24 pages

Omd 551 Basics of Biomedical Instrumentation

The document discusses biopotentials, which are electrical signals produced by living cells and tissues. It describes how biopotentials originate from ion concentration differences across cell membranes and how this leads to resting and action potentials. It also outlines different types of biopotential measurements like ECG, EEG, and EMG. Finally, it describes different electrode types used to interface with the body for biopotential sensing, including microelectrodes, skin surface electrodes, and needle electrodes, as well as issues that can arise during biopotential recording.

Uploaded by

krithikgokul selvam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OMD 551 BASICS OF

BIOMEDICAL
INSTRUMENTATION
UNIT 1
BIO POTENTIAL ORIGIN AND
TYPES OF ELECTRODES
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
• ORIGIN OF BIO POTENTIAL & ITS PROPAGATION
• TYPES OF ELECTRODES
• RECORDING ISSUES
INTRODUCTION
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Biomedical Engineering is a discipline that advances knowledge in
Engineering, Biology, Medicine and improves human health through cross-
disciplinary activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the
biomedical sciences and clinical practice.

BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Biomedical Instrumentation is a branch in biomedical engineering which
focuses on how electronics equipment can measure physiological patient data
and improve medical care. It involves devices designed and connected together
in a scientifically appropriate manner to sense signals (eg: Electromagnetic,
Mechanical. Thermal, Acoustic) and process them for human display and
further processing for control. Therapy etc.
Eg: X-Ray, ECG, EEG etc.
MAN – INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
DEFINITION:
The overall system which includes both the human organism and the
instrumentation required for measurement of the human is called the man-
instrument system
OBJECTIVES:
1. Information gathering
2. Diagnosis
3. Evaluation
4. Monitoring
5. Control
MAN INSTRUMENT SYSTEM
THE ORIGIN OF BIO POTENTIAL
THE ORIGIN OF BIO POTENTIAL
Definition - The amount of energy in a living organism which can be
transformed into kinetic energy.

• CELL & ITS STRUCTURE


CELL
• Cell is the basic living unit of human body
• Each organ in our human body consists of different cells which are
responsible for particular function
• It can be viewed only by biological microscope.
• Each cell consists of nucleus
• Nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
• Nucleus is separated form nuclear membrane
• Cytoplasm is separated from the surrounding fluid by the cell membrane
• The different substances that make up the cell – protoplasm – consists of
• Water
• Electrolyte
• Protein
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Ribosome
• Lysosome
• mitochondria
RESTING & ACTION POTENTIAL
Resting Potential
The membrane potential caused by different concentration of ions
Action Potential
The positive potential of the cell membrane during excitation
ACTION POTENTIAL
Various Bioelectric Signals
• ECG (Electro CardioGram)
• EEG (Electro EncephaloGram)
• EMG (Electro MyoGram)
• ERG (Electro RectinoGram)
• EGG (Electro GastroGram)
BIO POTENTIAL
ELECTRODES
ELECTRODES
Devices that convert ionic potential into electronic potential are called
electrodes
Three basic types
1. Microelectrodes – used to measure bioelectric potential near or
within a cell
2. Skin surface Electrodes – used to measure ECG,EEG and EMG
potential from surface of the skin
3. Needle electrode – used to penetrate the skin to record EEG
potential from alocal region of the brain
MICROELECTRODES
• Electrodes with tips sufficiently small to penetrate a single cell in
order to obtain readings from the cell.
• The tip must be small enough to permit without damaging the cell
• Two types:
• Metal
• Micropipet
METAL MICROELCTRODE
MICROPIPET MICROELECTRODE
Skin surface electrodes
(i) IMMERSION ELECTRODE
(ii) METAL PLATE ELECTRODE
• (iii) SUCTION CUP ELECTRODE
(iv) FLOATING TYPE ELECTRODE
NEEDLE ELECTRODE
RECORDING PROBLEMS
• Inaccessibility of Variables to Measurement
• Variability of the data
• Interaction among physiological system
• Effect of the Transducer on the measurement
• Artifacts
• Energy limitations
• Safety Considerations

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