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The Real and Complex Number Systems

The document defines key concepts related to real and complex number systems. It discusses the real number system as an ordered field that satisfies the least upper bound property, allowing all sets that are bounded above to have a supremum. The complex number system extends the real number system by including a square root of negative one, enabling the representation of solutions to all polynomial equations.

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Florita Lagrama
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51 views20 pages

The Real and Complex Number Systems

The document defines key concepts related to real and complex number systems. It discusses the real number system as an ordered field that satisfies the least upper bound property, allowing all sets that are bounded above to have a supremum. The complex number system extends the real number system by including a square root of negative one, enabling the representation of solutions to all polynomial equations.

Uploaded by

Florita Lagrama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Real and

Complex
Number
Systems
Teacher Maris
Learning Objectives

Familiarize with the Real Number Familiarize with the Complex Solve problems involving real and
System Number System complex numbers
The Real
Number
System
Definitions
Order
Let S be a set.
An order on S is a relation denoted by < with the following two properties:

(i) If x  S and y  S, then one and only one of the statements


x < y, x = y and y < x
is true.

(ii) If x, y and z  S, then if x < y and y < z then x < z.


Definitions
Ordered Sets
An ordered set is a set S in which an order is defined.

Example.

Q is an ordered set if s < r is defined to mean that s – r is a positive rational


number.
Definitions
Bounded above, Upper bound
Suppose S is an ordered set.
Let E  S.
If there exists a   S such that x   for every x  E, then we say that E is
bounded above and call  the upper bound of E.
Definitions
Supremum
Suppose S is an ordered set.
Let E  S and E is bounded above.
Suppose that there exists an   S with the following properties

(i) is an upper bound of E,


(ii) If  <  then  is not an upper bound of E.

Then  is called the least upper bound of E or the supremum of E.

We write  = sup E.
Definitions
Infimum
Suppose S is an ordered set.
Let E  S and E is bounded above.
Suppose that there exists an   S with the following properties

(i) is a lower bound of E,


(ii) If  >  then  is not a lower bound of E.

Then  is called the greatest lower bound of E or the infimum of E.

We write  = inf E.
Examples
 Example.

Let A be the set of positive rationals p such that < 2.


Let B be the set of positive rationals p such that > 2.
The set A is bounded above.
The elements of B are the upper bounds of A.
Since B has no smallest member, then A has no least upper bound in Q.

Similarly, B is bounded below.


The elements of A are the lower bounds of B.
Since A has no largest member, then B has no greatest lower bound in Q.
Examples
 
Example.
Let E consist of all numbers where n = 1, 2, 3, …

Then sup E = ???


Which is in E.

Also, inf E = ???


Which is not in E.
Definitions
Least Upper bound Property
Suppose S is an ordered set.
S is said to have the least upper bound property if the following is true:

(i) If E  S and E is not empty,


(ii) If E is bounded above

Then sup E exists in S.


Definitions
Field
A field is a set S with two operations called addition and multiplication which
satisfy the field axioms (A), (M) and (D) as follows:
Definitions
Definitions
Definitions

Example.

Q is an ordered field. Why?


Definitions

Example.

R is an ordered field. Why?


Definitions
Definitions
The Complex
Number
System

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