GRAPHING
RATIONAL
FUNCTIONS
PREPARE THE FOLLOWING:
OBJECTIV
ES:At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1
Finds domain, range , intercepts , zeroes ,and asymptote of rational
function.
2 Solve problems involving rational functions.
3 Graph a rational function.
RECA
LL: The DOMAIN of a function is the set of allvalues that the variable x can take.
The RANGE of a function is the set of all values that f(x) or y can take.
The ZEROES of a function are the values of x which make the function zero.
Wherein, the real numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the graph of the
function.
The y-intercepts is the function value when x=0.
An asymptote is a line (or a curve) that the graph of a function gets close to but
does not touch.
HOW DO WE GRAPH A
RATIONAL FUNCTION?
Get the properties of the function.
Domain
X-intercept
Y-intercept
Vertical Asymptote
Horizontal Asymptote
Zeroes
1
DOMAIN AND RANGE
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 1 Get the restricted value of x.
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 𝑥=0
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥=0
1 Range: { x | x≠0 }
𝑦=
Domain: { x | x≠0 } 𝑥 1
1 𝑦=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 1 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥=
1 𝑦 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥𝑦=1 𝑦=
0 0
1
undefined 𝑦= undefined
x -1 0 1
𝑥 y -1 0 1
y -1 undefined 1 x -1 undefined 1
DOMAIN AND RANGE
𝑥+5
𝑦=
Get the restricted value of x. 𝑥
𝑥 −1=0
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥=1
Domain: { x | x≠1 }
𝑥=0
Range: { x | x≠0 }
𝑥 ( 𝑦 −1)=5
The range of the
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥=5 f(x) is the set of all
𝑥𝑦=𝑥 +5 real nos. except 0.
𝑥𝑦 𝑥+5
undefined
=
𝑥 𝑥
DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
𝑥+1 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
h ( 𝑥) = 2
𝑥 −4
Factor the denominator. 𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
𝑥+1 𝒃𝒛
h ( 𝑥) =
( 𝑥 − 2)( 𝑥 +2)
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥+1
h ( 𝑥) = 2
𝑥 −2=0 𝑥+2=0 𝑥 −4
𝑥=2 𝑥=−2
Since , then
Domain: { x | x≠2, -2 } Range: { x | x≠0 }
DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
3 𝑥 −9 HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 −6
Factor the denominator. 𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
𝑥 +1 𝒃𝒛
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥+2)
Get the restricted value of x. 3 𝑥 −9
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −3=0 𝑥+2=0
𝑥 − 𝑥 −6
𝑥=3 𝑥=−2
Since , then
Domain: { x | x≠3, -2 } Range: { x | x≠0 }
DOMAIN, RANGE AND ASYMPTOTES
( 𝑥 − 4)( 𝑥+2) HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 −1)
𝒂𝒙 𝒏
Get the restricted value of x. 𝒚= 𝒎
𝒃𝒛
𝑥 −3=0 𝑥 −1=0
𝑥=3 𝑥=1 ( 𝑥 − 4)( 𝑥+2) 𝑥2− 2 𝑥 − 8
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
(𝑥 −3)( 𝑥 −1) 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 +3
The domain of the
Since , then
f(x) is the set of all The range of the
real nos. except 3 𝟏 f(x) is the set of all
𝒚=
𝟏
and 1. real nos. except 1.
𝒚=𝟏
ASYMPTOTES
Vertical Asymptote
-happens when the denominator of the rational function
becomes zero.
-restricted value of x
-to get the vertical asymptote, equate the denominator of
the rational function to 0 then solve for x.
ASYMPTOTES
Horizontal Asymptote
Let n be the degree of the numerator and m be the degree of the
denominator
𝒂𝒙 𝒏
𝒚= 𝒎
𝒃𝒛
Oblique
Asymptote
-Slant asymptote
RECALL:
EXPRESSION DEGREE LEADING COEFFICIENT
9 0 9
1 2
6 3
3 1
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
2
2𝑥 2 2𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= HA: 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥+ 1 𝑥+ 1
VA:
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥+1=0
𝑥=−1
2>1
there is no
vertical asymptote of horizontal
the f(x) is -1. asymptote.
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
3 𝑥 +4
3 𝑥 +4 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 HA: 2
2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
2
Factor: 2 𝑥 +3 𝑥+1
(2 𝑥 +1)(𝑥 +1)
VA:
Get the restricted value of x.
2 𝑥 +1=0 𝑥+1=0 𝒚=𝟎
horizontal
2 𝑥 =−1 𝑥=−1 asymptote of the
1
𝑥=− f(x) is 0.
2
vertical
asymptotes of the
f(x) are and -1.
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES
𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3 ( 𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 3) HA: 𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4 (𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 4) 𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4
( 𝑥 −3)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
VA: (𝑥 − 4)
Get the restricted value of x.
𝑥+ 4=0
𝑥=− 4
𝟏
horizontal
vertical 𝒚=
asymptote of the 𝟏 asymptote of the
f(x) is -4 𝒚=𝟏 f(x) is 1.
This rational fxn has one
hole at 1.
INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
Definition:
Intercepts are x or y – coordinates of the points at which a
graph crosses the x – axis or y – axis, respectively.
y – intercept is the y – coordinate of the point where the
graph crosses the y – axis.
x – intercept is the x – coordinate of the point where the
graph crosses the x – axis
INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
Rule to find intercepts of a rational function
1. To find the y – intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve y
or f(x).
2. To find the x – intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve
for x.
INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑥 +8
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−2
For y-intercept: For x-intercept:
𝑥 +8 𝑥 +8
𝑓 𝑥=
( ) 𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
0+ 8 𝑥+8
𝑓 0=
( ) 0=
0 −2 𝑥 −2
𝑦=
8 0=𝑥+8
−2 -8
𝑦=− 4
𝑥=−8
∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 −𝟖 .
∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒚 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 − 𝟒 .
INTERCEPTS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
For y-intercept:
𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6 For x-intercept:
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3 𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6 𝑥 −2=0
𝑥 −3=0
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥=2 𝑥=3
(0)2 − 5(0)+6 𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 0 )= 𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+6
(0) ² −2(0)+3 0=
6 𝑥 ² −2 𝑥+3
𝑦=
∴𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒙−𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔𝒂𝒓𝒆𝟑𝒂𝒏𝒅𝟐.
3 0 𝑥 ² −5 𝑥+ 6
𝑦=2
=
1 𝑥 ² − 2 𝑥 +3
∴𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒚 −𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝟐 .
0=𝑥 ² −5 𝑥 +6
0=( 𝑥 − 2)( 𝑥 −3)
4 GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
DOMAIN
y -4/3 -2 -4 Und 4 2 4/3
𝑥=0 {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅∨𝑥 ≠ 0 }
x-intercept
4
0= There is no
𝑥
x-intercept
0=4
y-intercept
𝑦= 4 There is no
0 y-intercept
VA
𝑥=0
HA
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
𝑛<𝑚 𝑦=0
5 𝑥 GRAPHING OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
2 𝑥−8
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
DOMAIN
y -.83 -2.5 -7.5 Und 12.5 7.5 5.83
𝑥=4 {𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ∨𝑥 ≠ 4 }
x-intercept
5𝑥 0
0= 𝑥=
2 𝑥−8 5
0=5 𝑥
x
y-intercept
𝑦=0
VA
𝑥=4
HA
https://www.desmos.com/calculator
5
𝑛=𝑚 𝑦 =
2
ZEROS OF RATIONAL FUNCTION
1
𝑥 2 − 4 𝑥+3
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 2
𝑥 −5 𝑥 +4 2
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥 +8
𝑥−2
( 𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 3)
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 𝑥=8=0 𝑥 −2=0
(𝑥 −1)( 𝑥 − 4)
𝑥=−8 𝑥=2
𝑥 −1=0 𝑥 −3=0
𝑥=1 𝑥=3 Not a zero
It’s a restriction
Not a zero
It’s a restriction
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
– is a function in which for each value
of y in the range of f, there is just one
value x in the domain of f such that y =
f(x).
ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
Identify whether each relation represents a function or not?
1. { (1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)} {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
2. {(3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 6), (5,3), (6, 3)} {3, 2, 1, 5, 6}
3. { (2, 2), (4, 4), (3, 2), (3, 7), (1, 4)} {2, 4, 3, 3, 1}
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and a range B.
The inverse of f denoted by f -1 is a function with a domain B and a
range A defined by f -1 (y) = x, if and only if f(x) = y , for any y in
B.
Only one-to-one function has an inverse. If a function f is not
one-to-one, properly defining an inverse function f -1 will be
problematic.
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
1
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
𝑥
1
𝑦=
𝑥 Write the function in the form y = f(x).
1
𝑥= Interchange x and y variables.
𝑦
𝑥𝑦=1
Solve for y in terms of x
1
𝑦=
𝑥
−1 1
𝑓 ( 𝑥)= Replace the new y with f-1 (x) if the inverse is a function.
𝑥
INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
Solve for y in terms of x
𝑥 ( 𝑦 −1)=5 Replace the new y with f-1 (x) if
Write the function in the form y = f(x).
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥=5 the inverse is a function.
𝑥+5
𝑥𝑦=𝑥 +5
𝑦=
𝑥
𝑥𝑦 𝑥+5
−1 𝑥 +5
= 𝑓 ( 𝑥)=
Interchange x and y variables. 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+5
𝑦=
𝑥
