Chapter 7
Data Link Layer
CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected] Last Updated: 4/27/2008
This Presentation
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Data Link Layer
Ethernet,
PPP,
ISDN,
Frame
Relay
The Data Link layer provides a means for exchanging data over a common
local media.
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Generic Data Link Header
Application
Header + data
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Node to node, not host to host
The Data Link layer provides a means for exchanging data over a common
local media.
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Focus on Transport Layer
IP
IP
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Reminder of encapsulation/decapsulation
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Data Trailer
Header Header Header Header
Data Link Data Link
IP Packet
Header Trailer
Data Link Data Link
IP Packet
Header Trailer
Data Link Data Link
IP Packet
Header Trailer
Data Link IP TCP HTTP Data Link
Header Header Header Header
Data Trailer
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Data Link Frame
1.
2.
The Data Link layer provides a means for exchanging data over a common
local media.
The Data Link layer performs two basic services:
1. Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as
framing
2. Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the
media.
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Data Link Frame
The Data Link layer prepares a packet for transport across the local
media by encapsulating it with a header and a trailer to create a
frame.
The Data Link layer frame includes:
Data – Layer 3 (IP Packet or other Layer 3 information)
Header - Control information, such addressing
Trailer - Control information, such as error detection
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Data Link
Frame
Typical field types may include:
Start and stop indicator fields
Addressing fields (have to have origin and destination)
Type field - The type of PDU contained in the frame
Quality - control fields
Data field -The frame payload (Network layer packet)
Not all protocols include all of these fields.
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Data Link Layer
Data Link layer
Connects the Network Layer with the Physical Layer
Network Layer and above is software (IP, TCP, HTTP, etc.)
Physical layer is implemented in hardware (converting bits to a
transmission signal)(copper,fiber,atmosphere)
Data Link layer is implemented in both:
Software
Hardware
Data Link Layer prepares Network Layer packets for transmission
across some form of media, be it copper, fiber, or the atmosphere. 12
Data Link Sublayers
Data Link layer has two sublayers (sometimes):
Logical Link Control (LLC) – Software processes that provide
services to the Network layer protocols.
Frame information that identifies the Network layer protocol.
Multiple Layer 3 protocols, (IP and IPX) can use the same
network interface and media.
Media Access Control (MAC) - Media access processes
performed by the hardware.
Provides Data Link layer addressing and framing of the data
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according to the protocol in use.
Data Link Standards
LLC-Logical Link
Control
TCP/IP standards are defined by Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF).
Data Link layer protocols are defined by:
ISO - International Organization for Standardization
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU - International Telecommunication Union
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
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Media
Access
Control
Media Access Control - Regulates the placement of data frames
onto the media.
The method of media access control used depends on:
Media sharing
Do more than two nodes share the media?
If so, how? (Switches, hubs, etc.)
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Serial vs multi-access Multi-access
Point-to-Point
Point-to-Point networks
Only two nodes
/30 subnets are common
Protocols: PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay
Multi-access networks (LANs)
Multiple nodes
Subnets mask range depends upon the number of hosts (nodes)
Protocols: Ethernet, 802.11 (wireless), Frame Relay Multipoint 16
Duplex Transmissions
Simplex Transmission: One way and one way only.
One way street(simplex=one way one way only)
Half-duplex Transmission: Either way, but only one way at a time.
Two way street, but only one way at a time (land slide).
Ethernet hubs use half-duplex(construction-one lane at a time on a two way street)
Full-duplex Transmission: Both ways at the same time.
Two way street(open two way street, normal traffic)
Ethernet switches use full-duplex
Most serial links are full-duplex 17
Physical Hub
Topology
The physical topology
is an arrangement of
the nodes and the
Switch
physical connections
between them.
Physical=arrangment,physical connection
(serial is a point-to
–point) Serial
Connections
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Logical Topology
A logical topology -
The way a network
transfers frames from
one node to the next.
Defined by Data Link
layer protocols.
Media Access (logical=traffic, actual
movement)
Control used.
Type of network
framing
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Point-to-Point topology
11111111
A point-to-point topology connects two nodes directly together.
The media access control protocol can be very simple.
Frames from one devices are for the device at the other end. (no
collisions)
Point-to-point topologies, with just two interconnected nodes, do not
require special addressing. (dosen’t need a MAC address)
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Logical Point-to-Point Networks
Point-to-point networks may include intermediate devices.
No affect on logical topology.
The logical connection (in some cases) may be a virtual circuit.
A virtual circuit is a logical connection created within a network
between two network devices.
The two nodes exchange the frames with each other.
Data Link Destination address is the device at the other end of
the virtual circuit.
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Multi-access Topology
A logical multi-access topology - Enables a number of nodes to
communicate by using the same shared media.
“Data from only one node can be placed on the medium at any one
time.”
(This is only true when using CSMA/CD (hubs), NOT true with
switches or wireless)
Every node “may” see all the frames that are on the medium.
Data Link Destination (MAC address) Address denote which device the frame is
for.
(broadcast traffic)
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Multi-access Addressing
2222 4444 6666
3333 5555
6666 2222
Multi-access networks require an address to specifically identify the
destination.
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Media Access Control
The media access control methods used by logical multi-access
topologies are typically:
CSMA/CD - Hubs
CSMA/CA - Wireless
Token passing – Token Ring
Later
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Ring Topology
Token Passing media access control
Each node in turn receives a frame.
If data link destination address is not for that device, passes
frame to next node.
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Data Link Frame
No one frame structure meets the needs of all data transportation
across all types of media.
Depending on the:
Environment
Amount of control information needed
Topology 26
Data Link Frame Fields
Data Link frame header fields may include:
Start Frame field - Indicates the beginning of the frame
Source and Destination address fields - Indicates the source
and destination nodes on the media
Priority/Quality of Service field - Indicates a particular type of
communication service for processing
Type field - Indicates the upper layer service contained in the
frame
Logical connection control field - Used to establish a logical
connection between nodes
Physical link control field - Used to establish the media link
Flow control field - Used to start and stop traffic over the media
Congestion control field - Indicates congestion in the media 27
Framing- The Trailer
The signals on the media could be subject to:
Interference(radio signals, electromagnetic interference)
Distortion
Loss
This would change the bit values that those signals represent.
The trailer is used to determine if the frame arrived without error.
Error detection.
The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field is used to determine if
errors occurred in the transmission and reception of the frame.
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Cyclic Redundancy Check
Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is commonly used.
Sending node includes a logical summary of the bits in the frame.
Receiving node calculates its own logical summary, or CRC.
Compares the two CRC values.
Equal – Accepts the frame
Different – Discards the frame
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Bandwidth
LAN typically uses a high bandwidth technology
Supporting large numbers of hosts
WAN
High bandwidth technology is usually not cost-effective across
large geographic areas (cities or multiple cities, for example).
The cost typically results in lower bandwidth capacity.
Note: This is relative and the need for high bandwidth on WANs is
increasing due to video, voice, and other applications.
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Ethernet Protocol for LANs
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies that are defined in
the IEEE 802.2 and 802.3 standards.
Uses 48 bit addressing (Ethernet MAC addresses) for Source and
Destination
More next week!
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Point-to-Point Protocol for WANs
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a protocol used to deliver frames
between two nodes.
PPP can be used on various physical media, including:
Twisted pair
Fiber optic lines
Satellite transmission
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Wireless Protocol for LANs
802.11 is an extension of the IEEE 802 standards.
It uses the same 48-bit addressing scheme as other 802 LANs.
Contention-based system using a Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
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Chapter 7
Data Link Layer
CIS 81 Networking Fundamentals
Rick Graziani
Cabrillo College
[email protected] Last Updated: 4/27/2008
