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Matter & Its Properties: Modern Chemistry Textbook: Ch. 1

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
49 views40 pages

Matter & Its Properties: Modern Chemistry Textbook: Ch. 1

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon

Uploaded by

Edward B. Acabal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matter & Its Properties

M O D ER N C H EM I S TRY TE X TB O O K : C H . 1
Basic Building Blocks of Matter
What is matter?

• Anything that takes up space and has mass


• Takes up space  volume
• Certain amount of stuff  mass

• How does one make stuff?


• Start with the ATOM!
What is chemistry?

• The study of matter and the changes it undergoes


• Composition
• Structure
• Properties
• Energy changes
Elements vs. Compounds
• Atom – smallest unit of an element that has the chemical identity of that
element

• Element – Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler, stable
substances
• So only 1 kind of atom
• Examples; Na, H2, Cl2, Ca

• Compound – Pure substance that can be broken into simpler, stable


substances
• must have 2 different kinds of atoms
• Examples; H2O, NaCl, CO2
Is this an element?
States of Matter

• Elements & Compounds can be found in many different states of


matter or phases

o f
t es
Sta tter
Ma

What’s the Difference between States of Matter Video


• Substances only move from one phase to another by physical
means.
Physical vs. Chemical Properties

• Physical change – change in which identity of


substance is not altered
• Examples: ripping, heating, freezing
• Physical property – characteristic of a substance that
can be observed/measured without altering
substances identity
• Examples: color, size, texture
• Extensive Property:
a property of a substance that changes when the
amount changes; it is dependent on the AMOUNT of
substance present
• Examples: volume, mass, energy…
• Intensive Property:
a property of a substance that is always the same for
that substance; it is NOT dependent on the AMOUNT
of substance present
• Examples: density, boiling point, melting point,
conductivity…
• Physical changes will always require the absorption/release of
energy
• (Heat or light)
What physical characteristics can you observe to
determine a substance’s state of matter?
• Shape
• volume

Indefinite volume
Definite volume
Indefinite shape
Definite shape
Definite volume
Indefinite shape
• Plasma: high-temperature state of matter in which atoms lose
most of their electrons
What if a substance’s identity is altered?

Chemical Property – ability to undergo changes that transforms


substance into a new substance

Chemical change – change in which 1 or more substances are


converted into different substances
Chemical Changes
yields
Reactants Products
substances that react substances that are formed
Evidences of Chemical Change

Formation Formation of Evolution Color


of a gas precipitate of energy change
(heat/light)
• Energy is always involved in physical and in chemical changes

• Law of Conservation of Energy: energy can be absorbed or


released, but is never destroyed or created.
Physical Chemical Extensive Intensive
1. Color ✔ ✔
2. Combustibility ✔ ✔
3. Hardness ✔ ✔
4. Luster
✔ ✔
5. Flammability ✔ ✔
6. Reacts with acids to form H2
✔ ✔
7. Mass
8. Density ✔ ✔
9. Melting Pt. ✔ ✔
10. Can neutralize a base ✔ ✔
11. Ductility ✔ ✔
12. Odor ✔ ✔
13. Weight ✔
14. Malleability
✔ ✔
15. Tendency to corrode
✔ ✔
16. Length ✔ ✔
✔ ✔
C
_______ 1 . Hydrochloric acid C 8. Wood rotting.
_______
reacts with potassium hydroxide C 9. When placed in H2O, a
to produce a salt, water and heat. _______
sodium pellet catches on fire as H2
_______ 2. A pellet of sodium is gas is liberated and sodium
P in two.
sliced hydroxide forms.

_______ 3. Water is heated and _______


C 10. Grass growing in a
P to steam.
changed lawn.

_______ 4. Iron rusts. P 11. A tire is inflated with


_______
C air.
_______ 5. Evaporation
P C 12. Food is digested in the
_______
_______ 6. Milk sours. stomach.
C P 13. Water is absorbed by a
_______
_______ 7. Ice melting.
P paper towel.
P 14. Sugar dissolved in
_______
water.
Classification of Matter
G RO U P I N G MATT ER TO M A K E I D E N T I F I CAT I O N EA S I ER
Mixtures

Blend of 2 or more kinds of matter, each that retain its own identity
and properties
• Mixed together physically
• Can be separated physically (no chemical rxn’s needed)

• Homogeneous (solutions): uniform in composition


• Salt – water solution
• Heterogeneous: not uniform throughout
• Clay-water mixture
HOMOGENOUS MIXTURE

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Heterogeneous Mixtures

• Suspensions – particles in solvent so large


that they settle out unless constantly
stirred/agitated
• Colloids – particles of intermediate size
that stay dispersed throughout a mixture.
• Often appears cloudy
• Use Tyndall Effect to identify (shine
light source through mixture and
particles become visible in beam of
light)
Pure Substances

Fixed composition
• Every sample of pure substance has exactly the same properties
and composition

• Ex: Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by


mass (determined from periodic table)
Column A Column B
Pure substance or mixture Element or
Compound/Heterogeneous
or Homogeneous
1. Chlorine
2. Water
3. Soil
4. Sugar water
5. Oxygen
6. Carbon dioxide
7. Rocky road ice cream
8. Alcohol
9. Pure air
10. Iron
Introduction
to the Periodic Table
S ECT I O N 1. 3
What is the periodic table?

• Why don’t elements and their symbols always look like they
correspond to each other?
Groups

Periods
Groups & Families

• The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups, or


families.
• Each group contains elements with similar chemical
properties.

• The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called


periods.
• Physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly
across a period.
4 Basic
Categories of Elements
Metals

elements to the left of the zigzag line

Properties of metals
• Most solids at room temperature
• Malleable (hammered or rolled into thin sheets)
• Ductile (drawn into a thin wire)
• conduct electricity and heat well
Metals

Gold, copper, aluminum


Nonmetals

right of the zigzag line


an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity

Properties of nonmetals
• many are gases
• solids are brittle
• poor conductors of heat and electricity
Nonmetals

(a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus (d) iodine


Metalloids

surrounds zigzag line


an element that has some characteristics of metals and some
characteristics of nonmetals

Properties of metalloids
• all metalloids are solids at room temperature
• semiconductors of electricity
• **Aluminum is not a metalloid – it’s a metal!
Noble Gases

Elements in Group 18

Properties of Noble Gases


• Generally unreactive (i.e. “inert”)

• Gases at room temperature


• Glow if electricity is passed through them

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