UNIT -15
EVOLUTION
TODAY’S TOPIC
INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTION
“Evolution is the process of change in all forms of
life over generations”
“Evolution is defined as the change in the
frequency of alleles in populations over time”
Special Creation Evolution
UNIT -15
EVOLUTION
TODAY’S TOPIC
EVOLUTION FROM PROKARYOTES
TO EUKARYOTES
EVOLUTION FROM
PROKARYOTES TO
EUKARYOTES
Vent Hypothesis:
Life may have originated in the oceans,
in underwater hot springs called
hydrothermal vents.
Origin of First Life Form:
Archaebacteria are considered as first
life form, which supports vent
hypothesis because they can tolerate
temperature up to 120ºC.
Evolution of Photosynthetic
Organisms:
Photosynthesis, freed living organisms
from shortage of nutrients
Evolution of Aerobic Respiration:
Reducing atmosphere slowly changed
into oxidizing atmosphere
Utilization of oxygen.
Ozone development and filtration of
UV rays
Evolution of Prokaryotes into
Eukaryotes:
The prokaryotes may have arisen more
than 3.5 billion years ago.
Eukaryotes may have evolved 1.5
billion years ago.
It is considered that prokaryotes
converted into eukaryotes.
Endosymbiont Hypothesis (Lynn
Margulis):
Eukaryotes and their organelles had
been produced by some symbiotic
relation with prokaryotes.
Origin of Mitochondria, Flagella,
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane Invagination
Hypothesis:
Cell membrane of prokaryotes
invaginated to enclose copies of its
genetic material
Evolution of Multicellular Eukaryotic
Organism and Diversity:
During evolution, eukaryotic cell
became specialized into tissues, which
in turn formed organs for many
different functions
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
i. Archaeobacteria tolerate
temperature up to:
(a) 110oC
(b) 120 oC
(c) 130 oC
(d) 140 oC
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ii. Eukaryotes are thought to have
first appeared about ————billion
years ago.
(a) 1.5
(b) 2.5
(c) 3.5
(d) 4.5
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
iii. According to endosymbiont
hypothesis, the aerobic bacteria
developed into:
(a) Ribosomes
(b) Lysosomes
(c) Mitochondria
(d) Golgi apparatus
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
iv. Endosymbiont hypothesis explains
origin of:
(a) Cell
(b) Prokaryotic cell
(c) Eukaryotic cell
(d) Ribosome
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
v. According to endosymbiont
hypothesis, chloroplast appeared by
engulfing:
(a) Aerobic bacteria
(b) Prokaryotic cell
(c) Phototrophic bacteria
(d) Ribosome
UNIT -15
EVOLUTION
TODAY’S TOPIC
LAMARCKISM
Lamarck gave an explanation of
evolution, based on the inheritance of
acquired characters.
An acquired character may be define
as;
“Structural change in the body of
organism involving a deviation from
normal, induced in the life time of an
individual due to certain change in the
environment or in function i.e. use or
disuse of an organ.”
MAIN POINTS
1. Use and disuse of organs
2. Inheritance of acquired characters
EXAMPLE NO. 1
Elongation of their forelimbs and neck of giraffe.
EXAMPLE NO. 2
The loss of limbs in snakes.
END RESULT
• Bodily modifications, whether brought though use or
disuse or directly by environment cannot lead to the
formation of new species unless they are inherited.
• Therefore the basic idea of Lamarckism is the
inheritance of acquired characters, which is wrong in
terms of principles of genetics.
UNIT -15
EVOLUTION
TODAY’S TOPIC
Darwinism & Neo-Darwinism
CHARLES DARWIN
Introduction:
He joined the expedition on Beagle
to South American coastline.
Observations:
• Fauna and flora of the different
regions of the continent had a
resemblance
• Most of the animals of Galapagos
Island were not found anywhere else in
the world but they showed some
resemblances with species living on
South American mainland.
Conclusion:
Darwin perceived origin of species and
adaptations as closely related processes.
Darwin’s Theory, Essay and Book:
Wrote a long essay on the origin of
species and natural selection.
Published his book ‘Origin of Species
by Natural Selection’.
ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY
NATURAL SELECTION:
1. Descent with modification
2. Natural selection & adaptation
Over production
Struggle for existence
Survival of the fittest
Evolution of new species
NEO-DARWINISM
Darwin’s theory was further integrated
with paleontology, taxonomy,
biogeography, population genetics and
other modern branches to frame Neo-
Darwinism.
UNIT -15
EVOLUTION
TODAY’S TOPIC
EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
1. BIOGEOGRAPHY
It is geographical distribution of
species.
Relation with Evolution:
According to Darwin, islands have
many species of plants and animals
closely related to species of the nearest
mainland or neighboring island.
2. FOSSIL RECORD
Fossils are either the actual remains or
traces of organisms that lived in ancient
geological times.
Relation with Evolution:
The succession of fossil forms is strong
evidence in favor of evolution.
Example:
The evolution of horse provides an
example of such a history.
3.COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Homologous Organs:
are functionally different but
structurally similar
Homology:
Similarity in characteristics resulting
from common ancestry
Examples:
Same skeletal elements in forelimbs of
humans (arms), cats (forelegs), whales
(flippers), bats (wings) etc.
Analogous Organs:
are functionally alike but structurally
different
Examples:
Wings of bat, birds and insects
Vestigial Organs:
Such organs are historical remnants of
structures that had important functions
in ancestors but are no longer essential
Examples:
Vermiform appendix in carnivores, Ear
muscles in man.
Relation with Evolution:
Comparative anatomy supports that
evolution is a remodeling process in
which ancestral structures that function
in one capacity become modified as
they take on new functions.
4. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY
The study of animal development from
fertilized egg to formation of all major
organs is called embryology.
Relation with Evolution:
Comparative embryology can often establish
homology among structures.
Example:
All vertebrate embryos go through a stage in
which they have gill pouches on the sides of
their throats.
5. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
The study of biochemical structures and
functions of organisms at molecular
level is called molecular biology.
Relation with Evolution:
Evolutionary relationships among
species are reflected in their DNA and
protein, in their genes and gene
products.
Examples:
A common genetic code.
Cytochrome c, a respiratory protein, is
found in all aerobic species.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
i. Gill pouches in human develop
into:
(a) Pharynx
(b) Larynx
(c) Syrinx
(d) Eustachian tube
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
ii. Which of the following gives the
correct order for the evolution of
vertebrates?
(a) Fish, reptiles, mammals, amphibians
(b) Amphibians, reptiles, fish, mammals
(c) Reptiles, fish, mammals,
amphibians
(d) Fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
iii. Which of the following is
considered to be a human “vestigial”
structure?
(a) Appendix
(b) Pelvis
(c) Chromosomes
(d) Eye brows
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
iv. Most fossils are found in:
(a) Igneous rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Marine water
(d) Clay
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
v. Cytochrome C is found in all:
(a) Aerobic organisms
(b) Animals
(c) Anaerobic organisms
(d) Bacteria
