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Advanced SQL – Session 1

11/03/2021
 Lecture On : Advanced SQL
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Instructor : Edwin R. Das

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Today’s Agenda

1 What is an RDBMS? Review of key concepts

2 Using MySQL Workbench
3 Types of keys – Primary, Unique and Foreign keys
4 Cascading and referential integrity

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Data Science Certification
Databases – An Overview

What is a Relational Database?

• A collection of inter-related data.

• It is organised in the form of schema, tables and views.

• It is efficient to retrieve, insert and delete data from a database.

What is a RDBMS?

• It is a software that is used to manage a database.

• It helps in the following:

• Defining the way in which data is organised

• Updating and retrieving data

• User access management

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SQL Statements

Structured Query Language (SQL):

• It is a way to communicate with database.

• All operations on a database are performed through SQL statements.

• Queries to the database can be expressed using logical statements.

• SQL statements allows one to express complex queries using a very simple language.

• It is very easy to read and comprehend for humans.

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SQL Statements

Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements:

ALTER, CREATE, DROP, RENAME, TRUNCATE

Data Manipulation Language (DML) Statements:

SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, ALTER, INSERT

Data Control Language (DCL) Statements:

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GRANT, REVOKE

Transaction Control Language (TCL) Statements:

COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT
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Joins

Inner Join Outer Join

Only common data from both tables All data from both tables

Left Outer Join Right Outer Join

All rows from left table, only matching from All rows from right table, only matching ones
right from left

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Click to add Title
Poll 1
Which of the following statements is used to fetch data
from database table?

1. INSERT

2. UPDATE
Practice in teams of 4 students
3. SELECT Industry expert mentoring to learn better
Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. FETCH
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Click to add Title
Poll 1(Answer)
Which of the following statements is used to fetch data
from database table?

1. INSERT

2. UPDATE
Practice in teams of 4 students
3. SELECT Industry expert mentoring to learn better
Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. FETCH
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Click to add Title
Poll 2
What is the main difference between UPDATE and INSERT?

1. UPDATE and INSERT work in the same way

2. UPDATE modifies existing records while INSERT adds

new records
Practice in teams of 4 students
3. UPDATE adds new columnsIndustry
whileexpert
INSERT adds
mentoring new
to learn better
rows Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. None of the above

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Click to add Title
Poll 2(Answer)
What is the main difference between UPDATE and INSERT?

1. UPDATE and INSERT work in the same way

2. UPDATE modifies existing records while INSERT adds

new records
Practice in teams of 4 students
3. UPDATE adds new columnsIndustry
whileexpert
INSERT adds
mentoring new
to learn better
rows Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. None of the above

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Click to add Title
Poll 3
What is the difference between DROP and TRUNCATE?

1. DROP deletes the table but TRUNCATE is not a valid SQL

statement

2. TRUNCATE deletes table while DROP only deletes

records but keeps table structure
Practice in teams of 4 students
Industry expert mentoring
3. DROP deletes table while TRUNCATE to learn better
only deletes
Get personalised feedback for improvements
records but keeps table structure

4. None of the above

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Click to add Title
Poll 3(Answer)
What is the difference between DROP and TRUNCATE?

1. DROP deletes the table but TRUNCATE is not a valid SQL

statement

2. TRUNCATE deletes table while DROP only deletes

records but keeps table structure
Practice in teams of 4 students

3. DROP deletes table while Industry

TRUNCATEexpert mentoring to learn better
only deletes
Get personalised feedback for improvements
records but keeps table structure

4. None of the above

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Click to add Title
Poll 4
If Table A has 40 rows and Table B has 20 rows and both the
tables are combined using a CROSS join, how many rows
will the result set have:

1. 40

2. 800 Practice in teams of 4 students

Industry expert mentoring to learn better
3. 20 Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. 400
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Click to add Title
Poll 4(Answer)
If Table A has 40 rows and Table B has 20 rows and both the
tables are combined using a CROSS join, how many rows
will the result set have:

1. 40

2. 800 Practice in teams of 4 students

Industry expert mentoring to learn better
3. 20 Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. 400
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MySQL Workbench

• MySQL is a relational database management system.

• MySQL workbench is a visual database design and modelling access tool.
• It is useful for creating a visual model of a database which can be easily translated
into a database.
• It has a in built sql editor which can be used to create and query MySQL server
databases.
• The data can be exported easily to commonly used formats.
• Using tabs, one can work on multiple databases at a time.
• It is also an administration tool which can be used for user access control, backup
and restore and configuring the MySQL server.

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MySQL Workbench

• This the first screen

you see when
opening MySQL
Workbench.
• The first step would
be to create a
connection by
clicking on the ‘+’
sign next to MySQL
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MySQL Workbench

• Enter the name of

Enter the name for
the connection here. the connection in
the ‘Connection
Name’ field.
• Use the default
values for the rest of
the fields.

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MySQL Workbench

Existing Databases

Editor

Output

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Constraints

Constraints are rules or conditions for the data in a table. Constraints may be at the
column level or table level. The following are common constraints in MySQL.

NOT NULL - Ensures that a column cannot have null values

UNIQUE - Ensures that all values in a column are distinct
PRIMARY KEY - A column that uniquely identifies each row in a table
FOREIGN KEY - A column that references the primary key of another table
CHECK - Imposes specific conditions on a column
DEFAULT - Sets a default value for a column if unspecified
INDEX - A column can be set as an index. Used to speed up data retrieval

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KEYS

Keys are used to maintain referential integrity in a database. Keys are also indexes for a
table in MySQL. Indexes speed up data retrieval from database tables.

PRIMARY KEY – A unique identifier for each row in a table. Eg: Student Id, Employee
Code, etc. It can also be a combination of multiple columns. In this case it is also know as
a composite key.
UNIQUE KEY – A column which allows only unique values. Eg: Phone number, email
id, etc.
FOREIGN KEY - A column that references the primary key of another table. Primarily
used to maintain referential integrity

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Cascading

• Foreign keys are not just used to refer to the primary key of another table.

• It is also used to control delete and update actions on the table which contains the
primary key.

• This helps in maintaining referential integrity.

• When implemented, any changes made to the table containing the primary key will
also correspondingly DELETE or UPDATE the same on any foreign keys
referencing that table.

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Click to add Title
Poll 5
Which of following are true?

1. Primary keys cannot have null values

2. Foreign Keys can have duplicate values

3. Unique keys cannot have null values

Practice in teams of 4 students
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Get personalised feedback for improvements
4. A foreign key cannot be composite

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Click to add Title
Poll 5(Answer)
Which of following are true?

1. Primary keys cannot have null values

2. Foreign Keys can have duplicate values

3. Unique keys cannot have null values

Practice in teams of 4 students
Industry expert mentoring to learn better
Get personalised feedback for improvements
4. A foreign key cannot be composite

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Click to add Title
Poll 6
Which of the following constraints provides a value in column even if no value
is entered by the user?

1. CHECK

2. DEFAULT
Practice in teams of 4 students
3. UNIQUE Industry expert mentoring to learn better
Get personalised feedback for improvements

4. NOT NULL
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Click to add Title
Poll 7
Cascading delete implies that:

1. Deleting a row in the parent table will also delete the corresponding row in the
child table

2. Deleting a row in the child table will also delete the corresponding row in the
parent table
Practice in teams of 4 students

3. One cannot delete a row inIndustry expert mentoring to learn better

the child table without deleting the corresponding
Get personalised feedback for improvements
row in the parent table

4.
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None of the above
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Click to add Title
Poll 7
Cascading delete implies that:

1. Deleting a row in the parent table will also delete the corresponding row in the
child table

2. Deleting a row in the child table will also delete the corresponding row in the
parent table
Practice in teams of 4 students

3. One cannot delete a row inIndustry expert mentoring to learn better

the child table without deleting the corresponding
Get personalised feedback for improvements
row in the parent table

4.
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None of the above
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Key Takeaway

1. A relational database is a collection of inter related data.

2. MySQL is an RDBMS which is used to manage a database.
3. MySQL workbench is a software that can be used to design databases
visually.
4. Constraints impose restrictions on the data that can be entered into a
database.
5. Keys are indexes which can be used speed up data retrieval and
maintain referential integrity.
6. Cascading is a type of constraint that helps maintain referential
integrity with foreign keys.

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Next Class

SQL Functions

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