Introduction to Programming

CS1133

Engr. Rabia Afzal Minhas

Programming language

• A set of rules, symbols, and special words.

C vs C++
• Advantages:
• 1. Faster development time (code reuse)
• 2. Creating / using new data types is easier
• 3. Easier memory management
• 4. Stricter syntax & type checking => less bugs
• 5. Easier to implement Data hiding
• 6. Object Oriented concepts
 IDEs on Windows platform
• Turbo C++

• Microsoft Visual C++

• Dev C++
 Comments
• Two types of comments
1. Single line comment //….
2. Multi-line (paragraph) comment /* */

• When compiler sees // it ignores all text after this on

same line

• When it sees /*, it scans for the text */ and ignores any
text between /* and */
Special Symbols

+ - * /
. ; ? ,
<= != == >=
 Special characters
• Text string special characters (Escape
Sequences)
• \n = newline
• \r = carriage return
• \t = tab
• \" = double quote
• \? = question
• \\ = backslash
• \' = single quote

• Examples:
cout << "Hello\t" << "I\’m Ali\n";
cout << "123\nabc “;
 C++ Reserve Words
• Reserved words are also called keywords. The letters that
make up a reserved word are always lowercase

• auto break int long

• case char register return
• const continue short signed
• default do sizeof static
• double else struct switch
• enum extern typedef union
• float for unsigned void
• goto if volatile while
 Identifiers
• Identifier: A C++ identifier consists of letters, digits, and
the underscore character (_) and must begin with a letter
or underscore.
• Identifiers can be made of only letters, digits, and the
underscore character; no other symbols are permitted to
form an identifier
• NOTE: C++ is case sensitive—uppercase and
lowercase letters are considered different. Thus, the
identifier NUMBER is not the same as the identifier
number. Similarly, the identifiers X and x are
different
Variables
- Variables are identifiers which represent
some unknown, or variable-value.

- A variable is named storage (some

memory address’s contents)

x = a + b;
Speed_Limit = 90;
 Names
Valid Names
• Start with a letter
• Contains letters
• Contains digits
• Contains underscores

• Do not start names with underscores: _age

• Don’t use C++ Reserve Words

 Names
• Choose meaningful names
• Don’t use abbreviations and acronyms: mtbf, TLA, myw, nbv

• Don't use overly long names

• Ok:
partial_sum
element_count
staple_partition

• Too long (valid but not good practice):

remaining_free_slots_in_the_symbol_table
 Which are Legal Identifiers?
 AREA  area_under_the_curve
 2D  _Marks
 Last Chance
 #values
 x_yt3
 areaoFCirCLe
 Num-2
 Grade***
 %done
 Hello!  return
 If
Header files (functionality declarations)
(Turbo C++) (Visual C++)
• #include<iostream.h> or #include <iostream>
• #include<stdlib.h> or #include<stdlib>
•…
 std:: Prefix
• std::cout<“Hello World”;
• std::cout<<Marks;
• std::cout<<“Hello ”<<name;
• Scope Resolution Operator ::

• std is a namespace, Namespaces ?

using namespace std;

cout<<“Hello World”;
cout<<Marks;
cout<<“Hello ”<<name;
 main( ) function
• Every C++ program start executing from main ( )

• A function is a construct that contains/encapsulates

statements in a block.

• Block starts from “{“ and ends with “}” brace

• Every statement in the block must end with a semicolon

(;)

• Examples…
 cout and endl
• cout (console output) and the operator
• << referred to as the stream insertion operator
• << “Inserts values of data-items or string to screen.”
• >> referred as stream extraction operator, extracts
value from stream and puts into “Variables”

• A string must be enclosed in double-quotation marks.

• endl stands for end line, sending ‘endl’ to the console

outputs a new line
Input and type
• cin>>name; reads characters until a whitespace
character is seen

• Whitespace characters:
• space,
• tab,
• newline {enter key}
 rvalue and lvalue
• Are the two occurrences of “a” in this expression the
same?
a = a + 1;
One on the left of the assignment refers to the location
of the variable (whose name is a, or address);
One on the right of the assignment refers to the value of
the variable (whose name is a);

• Two attributes of variables lvalue and rvalue

• The lvalue of a variable is its address
• The rvalue of a variable is its value
rvalue and lvalue

• Assignment Rule: On the left side of an

assignment there must be a lvalue or a
variable (address of memory location)

int i, j;
i = 7;
7 = i;
j * 4 = 7;
Data Types
Three basic PRE-DEFINED data types:
1. To store whole numbers
• int, long int, short int, unsigned int

2. To store real numbers

• float, double

3. Characters
• char
Data Types
• Integral, which is a data type that deals with integers, or
numbers without a decimal part
• Floating-point, which is a data type that deals with
decimal numbers
• Enumeration, which is a user-defined data type
Data Types
 Types and literals
• Built-in types Literals
• Boolean type • Boolean: true, false
• bool
• Character types
• Character literals
• char
• 'a', 'x', '4', '\n', '$', ' '
• Integer types
• int
• and short and • Integer literals
long • 0, 1, 123, -6,
• Floating-point types
• double • Floating point literals
• and float • 1.2, 13.345, 0.3, -0.54,

• Standard-library types • String literals

• string
Types and Size in Bytes

TYPE SIZE IN BYTES DATA STORAGE RANGE

int 2 bytes -32768 to 32767

long int 4 bytes -2147483648 to 2147483647

float 4 bytes 3.4 x 10-38 to 3.4x10+38

double 8 bytes 1.7x10-308 to 1.7x10+308

char 1 byte In case of strings, storage

capacity is from 1 byte to
65535 bytes.
 Types
• C++ provides a set of types
• E.g. bool, char, int, double called “built-in types”

• C++ programmers can define new types

• Called “user-defined types”

• The C++ standard library provides a set of types

• E.g. string, vector, ..
• (for vector type  #include<vector> )
 Declaring Variables

• Before using you must declare the variables

 Variable declaration

TYPE <Variable Name> ;

Examples:
int marks;
double Pi;
int suM;
char grade;

- NOTE: Variable names are case sensitive in C++ ??

 Variable declaration
• C++ is case sensitive
• Example:
area
Area
AREA
ArEa

are all seen as different variables

 Declaring Variables…
• When we declare a variable, what happens ?
• Memory allocation
• How much memory (data type)

• Memory associated with a name (variable name)

• The allocated space has a unique address

Marks

int Marks; %$^%$%$*^%

FE07
Declaration and initialization
int a = 7; 7

int b = 9; 9

char c = 'a'; a

double x = 1.2; 1.2

Hello, world
string s1 = "Hello, world";

1.2
string s2 = "1.2";
 Using Variables: Initialization
• Variables may be given initial values, or initialized, when
declared. Examples:

length
int length = 7 ;
7
diameter
float diameter = 5.9 ; 5.9

initial
char initial = ‘A’ ;
‘A’
 string type
• Special data type supports working with “strings”
#include <string>
string <variable_name> = “string literal”;

• string type variables in programs:

string firstName, lastName;

• Using with assignment operator:

firstName = “Mohammad";
lastName = “Ali";

• Display using cout

cout << firstName << " " << lastName;
Getting input in string with Spaces
string s1;
cin>> s1; //Spaces will not be input in s1

//Following statements read spaces in “string”

string s1;
getline(cin, s1); //Spaces will be input in s1
 String input (Variables)
// Read first and second name
#include<iostream>
#include<string>
int main() {
string first;
string second;
cout << “Enter your first and second names:";
cin >> first >> second;
cout << "Hello “ << first << “ “ << second;
return 0;
}
 char type
• Reserves 8 bits or 1 byte of memory
• A char variable may represent:
• ASCII character 'A‘, 'a‘, '1‘, '4‘, '*‘
• signed integers 127 to -128 (Default)
• unsigned integer in range 255 to 0

Examples:
• char grade;
• unsigned char WeekNumber= 200;
• char cGradeA = 65;
• char cGradeAA = ‘A';
 int type
• 16 bits (2 bytes) on Windows 16-bits
• int -32,768 to 32,767
• unsigned int 0 to 65,535
• Also on Turbo C++, 2 bytes for int

• 32 bits (4 bytes) on Win32 (Visual C++)

• int -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
• unsigned int 0 to 4,294,967,295
 int type
• Examples:
int earth_diameter;
int seconds_in_week= 604800;
unsigned int Height = 100;
unsigned int Width = 50000;
 int type (long and short)
• long int
• reserves 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory
• signed long -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
• unsigned long int 0 to 4,294,967,295

• short int
• reserves 16 bits (2 bytes) of memory
• signed short int -32,768 to 32,767
• unsigned short int 0 to 65,535
 int (long and short)
• Examples:
long int light_speed=186000;
unsigned long int seconds= 604800;
short int Height = 30432;
unsigned short int Width = 50000;
 Home Work-1
• Use Visual C++ on Windows and get information for
following data types:
• int
• short
• long int
• short int
• char
• Use ( cout << sizeof( intVar ); ) operator to get
this information, Example:…
 Real Values
• float
• Reserves 32 bits (4 bytes) of memory
+38
• + 1.180000x10 , 7-digit precision
• Example: float radius= 33.4221;

• double
• Reserves 64 bits (8 bytes) of memory
+308
• + 1.79000000000000x10 , 15-digit precision
• Example: double Distance = 257.5434342;

• long double
• Reserves 80 bits (10 bytes) of memory , 18-digit precision
• Example: long double EarthMass = 25343427.53434233;
 Home Work-2
• Use Visual C++ on Windows and get information for
following data types:
• float
• double
• long double

• Use ( cout << sizeof(floatVar); ) operator to get

this information, Example:…
 bool Type
• Only 1 bit of memory required
• Generally, 1 byte because is reserved

• Literal values:
• true
• false

• Can be used in logical conditions:

• Examples:
bool RainToday=false;
bool passed;
passed = GetResult(80);