“Poly”
Poly means Many or More
“Graphos”
Graphos means
Writings or Graphs
POLYGRAPHY – is the scientific deception
detection with the use or aid of a Polygraph.
Polygraph
POLYGRAPH – is an instrument or device
capable of recording internal bodily changes,
such as blood-pressure/pulse-rates,
blood-pressure/pulse-rates respiration,
respiration
electro-dermal properties of the skin or the
Galvanic Skin-Reflex (GSR),
GSR which are
indicative of emotional excitement,
excitement especially of
lying,
lying when questioned.
questioned
LYING & DECEPTION
DECEPTION – is the act of deceiving or
misleading through misrepresentation usually
accomplished by means of lying.
LYING – is the uttering or conveying falsehood
or creating false impressions affecting acts,
opinions or affections of another. It is done
through:
• Verbal terms spoken by the mouth
• Acts, feigns or ruses through marks, signs and
symbols
DETECTION
The act of discovering the existence or
presence of something hidden or obscured.
STIMULUS
The force or motion reaching the organism
from the environment and excites the
perceptors.
Some Known Methods of Detecting
Deceptions
• Ancient Ordeals
• Observation Methods
• Regular Police Methods
• Hypnotism
• Word Association Test
• Truth Serum Test/ Intoxication
• Polygraphy
Some Ancient Ordeals of
Detecting Lies
• Red Hot Iron Ordeal
• Ordeal of Balance
• The Boiling Water Ordeal
• Ordeal of the Red Water
• Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
• Rice Chewing Ordeal
• Ordeal by Blessed Bread
• Test of the Eucharist
(Cont’n…Ancient Ordeals of
Detecting Lies)
• Ordeal of the Bier
• Ordeal by Combat
• Ordeal of the needle
• Trial of the Cross
• Ordeal by Heat and Fire
• Trial of the Waxen Shirt
• Ordeal of the Tiger
Observation Methods
• Thru Facial Expression
• Thru Postural Reaction
• Thru Cause and Effect Process, such as the
stimulation-reaction or response test.
Thru Facial Expression
• Blushing, paling or profuse sweating of forehead
• Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the eyeballs and elevation
of upper eyelids
• Squinting of the eyes (showing envy, disdain, distrust, etc.)
• Twitching of the lips
• Excessive winking of eyes
• Failure to look the inquirer “straight into the eye”
• Excessive activity of Adam’s apple and the vein at the
temple due to dryness of throat and mouth
• Quivering of nose or nostrils
• A peculiar monotone of the voice
• A forced laugh
• Rolling of eyeballs from one direction to another
Thru Postural Reaction
• Fidgeting, tapping or drumming of fingers on the chair
or other surfaces
• Swinging of legs or one leg over the other
• Unnecessary movements of hands and feet (like
scratching, nail-biting, thumb – or finger sucking
• Pulsation of the carotid artery in the neck
• Incoherence, trembling and sweating of the whole body
The CAUSE & EFFECT Process
• The Stimulus -> Reaction -> Response
• The Stimulus -> Fight! or Flight!
Intended to protect or
maintain harmonious
relationship
Lie made by
a person who
can’t distinguish
right or wrong
- lie that purports to
destroy other ideologies
by means of propaganda
and brain washing
- a lie which accompanies
pretensions and
hypocrisies, intriguing to
cause dishonor or discredit
ones’ good image
- Intended to
mislead or
obstruct justice.
- Examples are
“Perjury” and
“False
Testimonies” of
false witnesses.
Types of Lies
• Direct Denial
• Lie of Omission
• Lie of Fabrication
• Lie of Minimization
• Lie of Exaggeration
1. Stammering;
2. Swearing to or before God that he did not commit the crime;
3. Pointing his guilt to somebody else;
4. Subject refuses to answer questions thru alibis and excuses;
5. He is all the time absent-minded;
6. He is always requesting for repetition of questions;
7. He often asks counter-questions and counter-queries;
8. He often asks permissions to go to comfort-rooms, etc.
is instructed to sit down
properly;
listens carefully to all the
questions asked;
answers all the questions
truthfully;
must answer all the
questions definitely with
either “YES” or “NO”
7-12 yrs old Fantastic subject
13-19 yrs old Age of limitation
and Idolatry
20-25 yrs old Idealistic and be
principled
26-60 yrs old Materialism. Maturity &
Responsibility
Memories are fading;
61-death
Irritability and Senility
1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS
EXPERIENCES
2. Emotion as MOTIVES
3. Emotion as RESPONSES
1. Emotion as CONSCIOUS
EXPERIENCES
• Happy; Elation; Delight; Affection; Joy; Laughter;
• Annoyance; Worry; Jealousy; Frustration; Shame;
2. Emotion as MOTIVES
Emotional Motive as Facilitating
Emotional Motive as Interfering
Behavior
Behavior
3. Emotion as RESPONSES
• External Responses
• Internal Responses
Activator of the
body mechanism
The Nervous/ Neurological System
Divisions
I. Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal Cord
II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Somatic Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
» Sympathetic ANS
» Parasympathetic ANS
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
• Thinks –is responsible for your
memory, intelligence, your thoughts
• Controls your autonomic functions –
heart rate, breathing, homeostasis
• Controls your immune system –
protects you from viruses
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
• Receives information – within a fraction of a
second, too minuscule to measure
• Acts on the external universe – allows you to
cry, walk, play a musical instrument
• Utilizes language – one of your most
advanced functions
• Possesses emotions – creates your affective
universe
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Motor cortex Somato-Sensory
- voluntary cortex - pressure,
movement of touch, pain
muscles
Auditory cortex Visual Cortex
- memory, Perception, - vision, visual
emotion, language association &
learning
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
• Verbal competence • Nonverbal areas
• Speaking, reading, • Comprehension,
thinking & reasoning spatial relationships,
• Processes info in drawing, music,
sequence emotion
• One piece of data at a • Processes info. As a
time whole
• logical • intuitive
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
• Important for the • Important for the
expression of positive expression of negative
emotion emotion
• Damage to the L.H. • Damage to the R.H. may
leads to loss of the make people euphoric.
capacity of joy.
• Activation in the L.H. • Activation in the R.H.
leads to tendencies to leads to tendencies to
approach other people. withdraw from people.
RED ORANGE YELLOW
BLUE RED BLACK
GREEN YELLOW ORANGE
BLACK RED BLUE
ORANGE GREEN YELLOW
BLUE INDIGO BLUE
YELLOW GREEN ORANGE
RED BLACK & BLUE
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The NS outside of the brain and spinal cord
Sensory Nerves Motor Nerves
(to the brain) (from the brain)
Carry messages from Carry orders from
special reporters in the skin, CNS to muscles for
muscles, and other internal movement, or to the
and external sense organs to glands to contract and
the spinal cord and then to produce chemical
the brain messengers
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic NS Autonomic NS
Consists of nerves Permits the involuntary
connected to sensory functioning of blood
receptors and skeletal vessels, glands, and
muscles internal organs such as
Permits voluntary action the bladder, stomach and
(writing your name) heart
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
• Like the accelerator of • Like the brakes in your
your car car
• Mobilized the body • Slows the body down to
for action keep its rhythm
• Increases heart rate • Enables the body to
• Elevates blood conserve and store
pressure energy
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic
THE FIGHT & FLIGHT RESPONSE
• You perceive the sensory stimulus.
• The adrenal gland sends two hormones:
epinephrine and nor-epinephrine.
• They activate the sympathetic nervous system.
• That produces a state of arousal or alertness that
provides the body with the energy to act (the
pupils dilate, the heart beats faster, and
breathing speeds up).
Responsible for
the
distribution of the
blood
Responsible for the taking of air
into the lungs and
also expelling carbon dioxide
Right Left
LUNG LUNG
HEART
External covering of the body consisting
essentially of
Epidermis, Dermis, and the Hypodermis
The POLYGRAPH
a.k.a.
The DECEPTOGRAPH
a.k.a.
The LIE-DETECTOR
a.k.a.
The PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO-
CARDIOGRAPH
B & W LIE DETECTOR Model 8AC
STOELTING CARDIO-PNEUMO POLYGRAPH
LEE & SON’S
BERKELEY PSYCHOGRAPH
KEELER POLYGRAPH Model 302
KEELER POLYGRAPH MODEL 6317
KEELER POLYGRAPH PACESETTER
SERIES Model 6308
KEELER POLYGRAPH Series Model 6338
STOELTING DECEPTOGRAPH
MODEL 22500
STOELTING MODEL 22600
EMOTIONAL STRESS MONITOR
LAFAYETTE ELECTRO-CARDIO POLYGRAPH
Model 76056
76056
LAFAYETTE DIGITAL POLYGRAPH LAPTOP MODEL
Lafayette Polygraph LX4000-505
LAFAYETTE DIGITAL POLYGRAPH LAPTOP MODEL
LAFAYETTE DIGITAL POLYGRAPH LAPTOP MODEL
(Hard Copy CANON Printer)
Stoelting CPS II Digital 8 Channels
The POLYGRAPH
Then . . .
. . . And NOW !
The POLYGRAPH
a.k.a.
The DECEPTOGRAPH
a.k.a.
The LIE-DETECTOR
a.k.a.
The PNEUMO-GALVO-SPHYGMO-
CARDIOGRAPH
The POLYGRAPH
Components & Accessories
The PNEUMOGRAPHIC TUBE
PNEUMOGRAPHIC TRACINGS
The ARM CUFF
The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component
HAND-PUMP BULB
The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component
HAND-PUMP BULB
The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component
ANEROID B/P METER GAUGE
The CARDIOGRAPHIC Component
The CARDIOGRAPHIC TRACINGS
The FINGER ELECTRODES
The GALVANOGRAPHIC (GSR) Component
The FINGER ELECTRODES
The GALVANOGRAPHIC (GSR) Component
The G.S.R. Tracings
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The KYMOGRAPH Component
The Historical
Development of the
Polygraph
1895 - first attempt to use a scientific instrument
stressing its importance to Lie-Detection
CESARE LOMBROSO - an Italian Criminologist
and
Physicist, who published experiments regarding
the presence and absence of blood pressure
and pulse rate changes on suspects whose
guilt or innocence he sought to be determined.
CESARE
LOMBROSO
FIRST PERSON TO USE
SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS FOR
THE PURPOSE OF DETECTING
LIES.
1914-VITTORIO BENUSSI
Published his researches on respiration
changes as indicators of lying and deception
William Moulton Marston
In 1915, he made researches
on sphygmomanometer's usefulness in
detecting lies and deceptions
Improvised and conformingly utilized the
techniques Of Benussi
In 1921, he assembled an instrument capable of recording
simultaneous physiological changes of blood-pressure,
pulse-rates, and respiration
Devised an additional instrument , which consisted of
galvanometer
for recording what is known as the GSR, to Larson.
Contributed a new device for recording unobserved
muscular
activities of the arms, thighs and feet.
Devised the Ink
Polygraph
BOARD EXAM REVIEW LECTURE
