CHE 433: Transport Phenomena II
Convection
DR. (MRS) T.E OLADIMEJI
Solution
•
=
140 W/m2
CONVECTION
• Convection (film) heat transfer occurs through the bulk
movement of fluid within a fluid or between a solid and a
fluid.
• Heat transfer by convection occurs as a result of the movement
of fluid on a macroscopic scale in the form of eddies or
circulating currents
• Natural (free) convection is a mechanism of heat
transportation in which the fluid motion is not generated by an
external source but by density differences in the fluid
occurring due to temperature gradients,
• Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in
which fluid motion is generated by an external source
• the magnitude of the circulation in forced convection is
greater, and higher rates of heat transfer are obtained than in
natural convection.
• We express the rate of heat transfer by convection as;
Where q = heat transfer rate in W
A= Area in m2
Tw = Temp. of solid surface in K
Tf = Avg or bulk temp. of fluid in k
h =convective heat transfer coefficient in
• Consider the convective heat from surface
If we assume that there is no movement in a boundary layer
between the slab and bulk fluid (δ – Greek delta), we can
approximate the heat transfer to Fourier’s Law:
Case 1: Convection from a wall
Consider the convective heat from a single slab
(ignoring the heat transfer through the wall).
Convective heat from a single slab
where:
• T1: Temperature at the end of slab 1 (K)
• Tc: Cold temperature (K)
• q̇: Heat Flow (W)
• A: Area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
• hc: Heat Transfer coefficient on the cold side (W/m2.K)
Assumptions:
• The fluid has a heat transfer coefficients (h)
• Area through convective area is constant
• Steady state conditions, therefore, “Energy in” = “Energy out”
Example 1:
A stainless steel plate is maintained at 150°C, while the
surrounding temperature is 20°C. The heat transfer coefficient is
given as 11.2 W/m2.K. What is the convective heat loss per
square meter?
Solution
q = hA (Ts –Tb)
q/A= h ( Ts – Tb)
q/A = 11.2 (20 – 150)
q/A = 11.2 (-130)
q/A = -1456 𝑊/𝑚2 = -1.456 𝑘𝑊/𝑚2
Case 2: Convection from 2 slabs
Consider the heat across two slabs, considering both conduction
and convection.
where:
• Th: Hot temperature on one side of the slab (K)
• T0: Temperature at the start of slab 1 (K)
• T1: Temperature at the end of slab 1 (K)
• T2: Temperature at the end of slab 2 (K)
• Tc: Cold temperature on the other side of slabs (K)
• q̇: Heat Flow (W)
• A: Area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)
• L1: Length of slab 1 (m)
• L2: Length of slab 2 (m)
• x: Direction in which heat flows (m)
• k1: Thermal conductivity of slab 1 (W/(m.K))
• k2: Thermal conductivity of the slab 2 (W/(m.K))
• hh: Heat Transfer coefficient on the hot side (W/m2.K)
• hc: Heat Transfer coefficient on the cold side (W/m2.K)
Assumptions:
• The slabs have thermal conductivities (k); the fluids have heat
transfer coefficients (h)
• Area through the slabs is constant
• k1 ≠ k2 (k1 and k2 are constant)
• Steady state conditions, therefore, “Energy in one face of the
slab” = “Energy out other face of the slab”
•
Rearranging for each in terms of temperature:
Th − T0 =
T0 − T1 =
T1 − T2 =
T2 − Tc =
Then adding the last four equations, we are left with an
expression without Tc and are able to calculate q̇:
Example 2
The inner surface of a 23 cm brick furnace wall is kept at 820°C, while the
temperature of the outer surface is 180°C.
a) Calculate the heat loss from the furnace, given a thermal conductivity of
the brick of 0.865 W.m-1.K-1.
b) A further 23 cm is added to the furnace wall, consisting of insulating
brick with a thermal conductivity of 0.26W.m-1.K-1. Calculate the
reduction in the heat loss, and the maximum temperature to which the
insulating brick is exposed. Assume that the inner temperature remains at
820°C. The temperature of the surrounding air is 20°C.
c) Re-calculate the heat loss and the maximum temperature to which the
insulating brick is exposed but allow for a convective heat transfer
coefficient on the outer surface of 11.9 W.m-2.K-1. Assume that the inner
temperature remains at 820°C, and the temperature of the surrounding air is
20°C.
Solution
•a) q = -kA
=-
= =
= 3.752 x 640 = 2407 W/m2 Assume A = 1m2
q= 2407 x1 = 2401 W
b)
Equating eq.1 & 2
•
The maximum temperature to which the insulating brick is exposed Tw= 908
K
To = 20°C =298K
From eq. 2
=
•=
= 1.1304(615)
= 695.2 W/m2 q = 695.2 x 1
q = 695.2 W
Reduction in heat loss ∆q = 2401 – 695.2 = 1706 W
c) For wall 1:
q = -A
For wall 2:
For convective heat loss
From eq.3
The maximum temperature is 648°C.
Convection (and
conduction)
through a cylinder
Case 1: Convection
(and conduction)
through concentric
cylinders
Consider the heat
transfer across multiple
layers of a cylinder
where:
• Tin: Temperature on the inside of the cylinder (K)
• Tout: Temperature on the outside of the cylinder (K)
• q̇: Heat Flow (W)
• r0: Inner radius of the cylinder (m)
• r1: Outer radius of the 1st cylinder (pipe) (m)
• r2: Outer radius of the 2nd cylinder (insulation) (m)
• k1: Thermal conductivity of cylinder 1 (W/(m.K))
• k2: Thermal conductivity of cylinder 2 (W/(m.K))
• hin: Heat Transfer coefficient on the inside (inside) (W/m2.K)
• hout: Heat Transfer coefficient on the outside (outside)
(W/m2.K)
Assumptions:
• - Cylinder thickness is constant throughout
• - Steady state conditions; therefore, Energy in one face of the
slab = Energy out other face of the slab
• - Area through which heat flows is NOT constant!
• - k1 ≠ k2
• - No axial heat transfer
Convection on inner surface:
q̇ = hin A 0(Tin−T0) (1)
A0 = 2πr0L
Area in contact with the film
q̇ = hin 2πr0L(Tin−T0) (2)
•Tin −T0 = (3)
Conduction across pipe:
q = -. (2πrL) (4)
(5)
Integrating
T0−T1 = ln (6)
Conduction across insulation
•T1 −T2 = ln (7)
Convection on outer surface:
From eq. 1
q̇ = hout 2πr2L(T2−Tout) (8)
T2 − Tout = (9)
Consolidate eq. 4,7,8,10
Tin−T0 = (10)
T0−T1 = ln (12)
•T1 −T2 = ln (13)
T2 − Tout = (14)
Adding the 4 equations:
Tin−T0 + T0−T1 + T1−T2 + T2 − Tout
= + ln + ln + (15)
= q (16)
• in − Tout = q (17)
T
q= (18)
EXAMPLE 3
Saturated steam at 14 bar (195°C) condenses inside a nickel tube
10 m long with a 1 cm IR and 2 cm OR. The temperature of the
surrounding air is 25°C. The thermal conductivity of nickel is
140 W.m-1.K-1. The pipe is covered with a 2.5 cm layer of
insulation (thermal conductivity 0.21 W.m-1.K-1).
a) Calculate the conductive energy across the pipe and insulation.
b) Given a convective heat transfer coefficient on the outside of
the insulation (10 W.m-2.K-1), determine the overall heat transfer
coefficient, Uo
c) Determine the mass of steam which condenses per hour.
SOLUTION
Across the insulation
Across the insulation
Adding eq. 1&2
