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Chapter 9

Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium or space. This document discusses two main types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not. It provides examples of different wave types, defines key wave characteristics like amplitude and wavelength, and describes the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays.

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49 views

Chapter 9

Waves are disturbances that transfer energy through a medium or space. This document discusses two main types of waves: mechanical waves, which require a medium, and electromagnetic waves, which do not. It provides examples of different wave types, defines key wave characteristics like amplitude and wavelength, and describes the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays.

Uploaded by

Waffle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 9

Waves
? What is a wave
A wave is a disturbance that travels and
conveys energy from one place to another .
. Waves are means of conveying energy
Some waves need a medium to propagate
: through ; they are called
. Mechanical Waves
Some waves do not need a medium to
: propagate through ; They are called
. Electromagnetic Waves
Waves
Mechanical Waves Electromagnetic Waves
They need a medium to( They do not need(
) propagate through a medium to propagate
) through
: Examples : Examples
sound waves Light waves
string waves X-rays
Spring waves Lasers
Water waves Microwaves
Mechanical Waves
Transverse Waves Longitudinal Waves
The displacements of the The displacements of the
medium particles are medium particles are parallel
perpendicular to the to the direction of travel of the
direction of travel of the wave along the medium
wave along the medium : Examples
: Examples Spring waves
String waves Sound waves
Water waves
Transverse Mechanical Waves
Longitudinal Mechanical Waves
Wave Characteristics
: All waves have the following characteristics
Amplitude (A) : the maximum displacement from the )1(
equilibrium position . { SI unit is m }
Wavelength () : the minimum distance between two )2(
points on the wave that are in
. phase ( behaving identically )
} SI unit is m {
Period (T) :The time for one complete oscillation . {SI unit is s } )3(
Frequency (f) : the number of oscillations per )4(
second . { T = 1/f ; f = 1/T } .{ SI unit is Hz = 1/s }
. Speed (v) : The distance traveled by the wave per second )5(
.} v=/T = f{
} SI unit is m/s {
Wave Characteristics
Mathematical Description of
A Harmonic Traveling Wave
The standard equation ( wave function ) of a
harmonic (sinusoidal) wave traveling to the right
:along the x-axis is
y( x , t ) = A cos (  t - k x )
OR : y( x , t ) = A sin (  t - k x )
Where : A is the amplitude of the wave
 = 2  f is the angular frequency
k = 2  is the wavenumber

If the wave is traveling to the left ; the equation


becomes : y( x , t ) = A cos (  t + k x )
OR : y( x , t ) = A sin (  t + k x )
Example
A wave on a string is described by the equation
:
y( x , t ) = (0.005 m ) sin ( 4.0 t - 0.50 x )
. Where x is in m and t in s
? What is the amplitude A of the wave )a(
? What is the frequency f of the wave )b(
? What is the wavelength  of the wave )c(
? What is the speed v of the wave )d(
? In what direction does the wave travel )e(
SOLUTION
By comparing with the standard form of the
: equation of a harmonic wave
A = 0.005 m )a(
 = 4.0 = 2  f )b(
f = 4 / 6.28 = 0.64 Hz
k = 0.50 = 2  /  )c(
 = 6.28 / 0.50 = 12.56 m
v =  f = 12.56 x 0.64 = 8.0 m/s )d(
. the wave is traveling to the right )e(
Sound Waves
. Sound waves are longitudinal waves
Human ear can detect sound waves in the
frequency range : 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz ; this
range of frequencies is called : the audible
range . Sound waves of frequencies greater
than 20 000 Hz are not heard by human ear ;
the are called : ULTRASONIC WAVES that
have many applications ; one important
application is following up the development
. of the embryo for a pregnant woman
Sound Intensity Level
The decibel Scale
Human ear is sensitive over a broad range of
: intensities
Threshold of hearing Io = 10 -12 Watt /m2
Threshold of pain I = 1.0 Watt /m2 at 1000 Hz
. A logarithmic intensity scale is used
The sound intensity level  of a sound wave in
: decibells ( dB ) is defined as
 = 10 log ( I / Io ) dB
: Threshold of pain
 = 10 log ( 1.0 / 10 -12 ) = 120 dB
Sound Intensity levels
from various sources
Military jet aircraft at 30 m away : 140 dB
) painful (
Machine gun 130 dB ( painful )
Vacuum cleaner 70 dB
Ordinary conversation : 65 dB
Quiet automobile : 50 dB
Mosquito buzzing : 40 dB
Average Whisper : 20 dB

; A decibel (dB) is ( 1/10 ) bel


a unit nemed on the honor of Alexander Graham Bell
( the inventor of the telephone )
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic waves cover an extremely broad
. spectrum of wavelengths and frequencies
Human eye can detect only a very small part of this
: spectrum . This part is called
. VISIBLE SPECTRUM or Visible Light
The wavelength  of the visible light approximately lies
; in the range : 400 nm to 700 nm
) nm : nanometer = 10 -9 m (
; OR : 4000 A to 7000 A
) Angstrom = 10 -10 m ; 1 nm = 10 A 1 (
We can calculate the frequency of an electromagnetic
; wave from the relation : c =  f
where c = 3.0 x108 m/s , is the speed of light in vacuum
Electromagnetic spectrum
The invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are very
: useful and have many applications
: Infrared ( IR ) waves )1(
: the wavelength lies approximately in the range
nm to 4000 nm or 7500 A to 40 000 A 750
They are well known of their thermal effect
. and used in physiotherapy
Radio Waves : their wavelengths are in meters )2(
. and used in radio and TV broadcasting
Microwaves : their wavelengths are in cm and used in )3(
communications and in Microwave Ovens ( 12.6 cm )
Electromagnetic spectrum
: Ultraviolet Waves ( UV ) )4(
their wavelengths lie approximately
in the range 500 A to 3500 A . Ultraviolet rays
. constitute about 7 % of the solar spectrum
Ozone Layer in the Stratosphere absorbs harmful UV
and passes useful UV that are necessary to develop
Vitamin D and strengthen the bones . Etreme
exposure to high energy UV may cause skin cancer
. and Cataract ( White Water ) in eyes ) Axima (
Electromagnetic spectrum
X-Rays : electromagnetic waves whose )5(
wavelength lie approximately in the range 0.1
A to 100 A . They are widely used in
. medicine Dentistry and Industry

Gamma Rays : electromagnetic waves )6(


whose wavelength lie approximately in the
range 10-4 A to 0.1 A . High energy gamma
. rays are used to treat cancer

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