Faculty of Computer

1
and Information
Sciences
Information Technology
Department
 Course Name

Wireless Networks and Mobile

Communication Systems
Course Code IT 331T
Lecture 1: Introduction for Wireless
Networks
 Lecture Contents
 Computer Network and Elements of a Computer Network
 Classification of Networks
› Host Role
› Geographical Proximity/Scale
› Signaling
› Network Topology
› Network Architecture/Protocol architecture
› Type of Communication Medium
› Guided Medium
› Unguided Medium
 Why is Wireless Different than Wired Networks?
 Wired Versus Wireless
 Elements of a wireless Network
 Wireless Networking Technologies
 Computer Network Components
 Computer Network and Elements of a Computer
Network
› Definition of Computer Network
Two or more devices connected together to share resources.
• Devices: Laptops, PC, Tablet, Network Enabled Printers, mobile phones, servers, etc.
• Connected via Media:
• Guided medium: Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable, Ethernet Cable.
• Unguided medium: Wireless links.
• Resources:
• Hardware resources: printers, severs, scanners, secondary storage devices, etc.
• Software resources: Files, Webpages, Songs, Video, Facebook Statuses, etc.
Elements of a Network
 Sender/Receiver (Nodes: computers, routers, switches, gateways).
 Transmission Media.
 Shared Resources.
 Protocols.
 Classification of Networks
› Hosts Role

› Geographical Proximity/Scale

› Signaling

› Network Topology

› Network Architecture/Protocol architecture

› Type of Medium
 Classification of Networks

1. Host Roles:
Remember What does the host do in the network?

› Client Server Model:

› Defined Roles of nodes: Client requests/consumes and host
provides network resources.

› Peer to Peer Model:

› Hosts can provide and consume network resources.
 Classification of Networks
2. Geographical Proximity/Scale
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
› Small geographic area. Example of classes, Inside the different floors of an organization
› Governed by a single organization, Example: Home Network.
› Size: Home devices versus a class devices versus a small corporation.

2. Metropolitan area Network (MAN)

› MANs are networks between a LAN and WAN.
› They are a type of interconnecting networks for big businesses in a metropolitan area.
› Example: ABC Corp
 Classification of Networks
3. Wide Area Network (WAN)
› Hosts in the network are very widely distributed geographically.
› Group of interconnected LANs geographically separated,

4. Personal Area Network (PAN)

› PANs are networks interconnecting the devices of personal use, in general, be carries around.
Examples of such devices are personal digital assistant (PDA), various wireless phones, remote
control, etc.
 Classification of Networks
3. Signaling
› Baseband Networks: One signal at a time on the channel, Entire channel bandwidth
utilized by one signal, No multiplexing. Example Old PSTN.
– Broadband Networks: Medium bandwidth divided into multiple subchannels.
Multiplexing is available, Multiple signals being transmitted on the channel at the same
time.

4. Network Topology
› Ring, Star, Bus, Mesh, Hybrid topology, etc.
 Classification of Networks
› 5- Network Architecture/Protocol architecture
› Classification of a network based on the Network Architecture/Protocol Architecture.
– Protocol
› Protocol: Language or the Rules of communication.
– Standards
› Standards are protocols that have gone through a standardization process and after
standardization it has been documented by some organization.
– Standardization Agencies
› Internet society.
› International organization for standardization (ISO).
› IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
› ANSI American Standards Institute.
› ETSI Euro Telecomm Standards Institute.
› ITU International Telecomm Union.
 Classification of Networks
› Protocol architecture/network architecture
– Network architecture:
› Each network can be defined and thus be classified as a set of protocol and layers.
› Such a set of protocols is called the protocol stack.
› In other words, Network architecture is a set of layer and associated protocols that can achieve
complete communication among the nodes in that network.

– How to study a network:

› Define network Layers.
› Define all protocols in each layer.
› Define interconnection between layers (interface/services).
 What is the OSI Reference Model
› The Open System Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model is a seven-layer conceptual
model developed by ISO in 1984.
– Describes the standards for inter-computer communication.
› The seven layers of the OSI model are:
– Application
– Presentation
– Session
– Transport
– Network
– Data link
– Physical
What is the OSI Reference Model

Computer networks / Andrew S. Tanenbaum-- 5th ed

 Computer Network Components
 Network Interface Cards (NIC)
 Cables and connectors
 Modems
 Repeaters
 Hubs
 Bridges
 Switches
 Routers
 Gateways
 Computers

 In your opinion, which component can support both wired and wireless connections?
 Computer Network Components
 Before answering this question you should first know the role of each of them
in a computer network.

 All these devices are of common use.

 But they differ in many ways.

 These devices operates in different layers.

 The layers matters because different devices use different pieces of

information to decide how to switch.
 Computer Network Components

Application Application gateways

layer
Transport Transport gateways
layer Packet supplied by the network
layer
Network layer Routers
Frame Packet TCP User
CRC
Data Link Bridges / switches header header header data
layer
Physical layer Frame built by the data link layer
Repeaters and hubs
In the Layers of OSI Construction: It is clear that the first three is manipulated with data. The transport
layer is manipulated with segments, while the network layer is manipulated with packets. Finally the
datalink layer manipulated with frames. Each of this last three layers added parts to data.
 Computer Network Components
 Repeaters are analog devices is placed on physical layer.

 They work on signals on the cables to which they are connected.

 A signal on the cable is “cleaned up”, amplified and put out on another cable.

 Repeaters do not understand frames, packets, or headers.

 They understand the symbols that encode bits as volts.

 Classic Ethernet allows 4 repeaters placed at 500m a part to increase the length
of the LAN up to 2500m.

 What do you think? does this device has a wireless version?

Computer Network Components
 Computer Network Components
 A hub has a number of input lines that it joins electrically.

 Frames arriving on any of these lines are sent on all the others.

 If two frames arrive at the same time, they will collide.

 Hubs differ from repeaters in that they do not usually amplify the signal and they are
designed for multiple input lines.

 Like repeaters, hubs are physical layer devices that do not examine the link layer
addresses or use them in any way.

 Is there a wireless hub in the market?

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1z0ULvg_pW8: hub, router, switch

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDEX1HXybrU: firewall
 Computer Network Components
 A bridge connects two or more LANs based on the Data link layer so it depend
on the Mac address.

 Like a hub, a modern bridge has multiple ports, usually for 4 to 48 input lines a
certain type.

 Unlike hub, each port is isolated to be its own collision domain.

 If the port is full duplex point-to-point line, the CSMA/CD algorithm is not used.

 When a frame arrives, the bridge extracts the destination address(MAC

Address) from the header and looks it up in a table to see where to send the
frame.
 Computer Network Components
 The bridges only output the frame where its needed and can forward multiple
frames at the same time.

 Bridges offer better performance than hubs.

 And isolation between ports means that input lines may run on different speeds.

 Buffering within the bridge is needed to accept a frame from one port and
retransmit it on to another port.

 If frames comes in rate faster than they can be retransmitted, the bridge may
run out of buffer space and have to start discarding frames.
 Computer Network Components
 Bridges were originally intended to be able to join different kinds of LANs.

 However, this never worked well. Why????

1. Different frame formats.(Require copying and reformatting)

2. New checksum calculations.
3. This require much of the CPU time.
4. Different frame lengths. (too large frames must be discarded).
5. Security techniques also differ.
6. Some LANs has QoS features and some has not.
 Computer Network Components
 Security techniques also differ.

 Example, Ethernet does not have link-layer encryption, however, IEEE

802.11 can use this technique.

 Some LANs has QoS features and some has not.

 So when a frame travels between these two LANs the QoS expected by the
receiver may not be able to be provided.

 For these reasons, bridges usually work for one network type.
 Computer Network Components
 Switches are modern name for bridges.

 Bridges were developed when classic Ethernet was in use.

 So, they tend to join few LANs and hence have few ports.

 Switches have larger number of ports because they enable point-to-point

connections.

 From what you have just learned, could we have a wireless switch?
 Computer Network Components
 Routers are different from all of the previous as it based on the Network layer
so it depends on the IP addresses .
 Hub and switch are used to create networks however Router are used to connect
networks.

 When a packet comes into a router the frame header and trailer of are stripped
off.

 The packet which is the payload field in the frame is passed to the routing software.

 This software uses the packet header to choose an output line.

 Usually the packet header contains 32-bit IPv4 address or 128-bit IPv6 address.
Not the 48-bit IEEE 802 address.
 Computer Network Components
 The router does not see the frame address or even know that it came
in on a LAN or a point-to-point link.

Duel –Band Home Router

Wireless Backbone Router

https://apps.kaonadn.net/4357027/product.html#3/314;C5

 ‫ الموقع يحتوي على السوتشات وراترز‬ ‫هذا‬

 Computer Network Components
 Up another layer comes the transport gateway.

 These gateways connect two computers that use different connection

oriented transport protocols.

 The transport gateway can copy the packets from one connection to the
other, reformatting them as need be.
 Computer Network Components
 Finally, application gateways understand the format and contents of the data
and can translate messages from one format to another.

 Ex, an email gateway can translate Internet messages to SMS messages

for mobile phones.

Each device of the following may have a wireless version except:

a) Router b) Hubc) Repeater d) Application gateway
 Classification of Networks
› 6- Type of Communication Medium
› In a data transmission system, the transmission medium is the physical path
between transmitter and receiver.
› Transmission media can be classified as:
– Guided medium
– Unguided medium

› In both cases, communication is in the form of electromagnetic waves.

› The electromagnetic spectrum indicates the frequencies at which various guided media
and unguided transmission techniques operate.
 Why is wireless different than wired?
› we will illustrate the characteristics of wireless
› Noisy, time-varying channel
– Environnemental conditions affect transmission.
› Shared medium
– Other users create interference.
– Must develop ways to share the channel.
› Bandwidth is limited
– Federal Communication Commission (FCC ) determines how spectrum is allocated.
– Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) radio spectrum band for unlicensed use
(902-928 MHz, 2.4-2.5 GHz and 5.725-5.875 GHz)
– Requires intelligent way to make efficient use of limited bandwidth.
 Why is wireless different than wired?
› Major differences due to broadcast nature of wireless communication
– Transmitted signals can be received by an arbitrary (and perhaps unknown)
number of other users.
– Cannot guarantee a link from every transmitting node to every intended
receiving node.
› Each transmitted message utilizes scares resources (BW)
– Need to provide means for fair and efficient utilization of available bandwidth
among transmitting nodes.

› Transmitted signal power is an important parameter

– Require enough signal power to reach destination node.
– Want to limit signal power to minimize interference and max battery life.
 Advantages of wireless Versus wired

People want connectivity anywhere anytime for example, at airports, hotels,

customers place, or group of people wants to share data at any location.
Such requirements have made the wireless connectivity indispensable.

– Convenience: Access your network resources from any location within your wireless network's
coverage area or a wireless hot spot.

– Mobility: You're no longer tied to your desk, as you were with a wired connection.

– Productivity: Wireless access to the Internet and to your company's key applications and
resources helps your staff get the job done and encourages collaboration.

– Can be used for E-learning very easily .

.
Advantages of wireless Versus wired
– Easy setup: You don't have to string cables, so installation can be quick and
cost-effective.

– Expandable: You can easily expand wireless networks with existing

equipment, while a wired network might require additional wiring.

– Cost. Because wireless networks eliminate or reduce wiring costs, they can
cost less to operate than wired networks.
Disadvantages of wireless Versus wired
– The wireless network suffer from low data rate; Wireless LANs using IEEE802.11b
support a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 11 Mbps, however the traditional wired
Ethernet. 802.11a and 802.11g WLANs support 54 Mbps .

– In theory, wireless LANs are less secure than wired LANs, because wireless
communication signals travel through the air and can easily be intercepted.

– Wireless LANs suffer a few reliability problems than wired LANs, furthermore the
wireless signals are subject to interference due to:
– One medium shared by all the users.
– Signal attenuation is high.
– High interference due to noise; co-channel interference; adjacent channel
interference etc.
ELEMENTS OF A WIRELESS NETWORK
ELEMENTS OF A WIRELESS
NETWORK
ELEMENTS OF A WIRELESS NETWORK
 WIRELESS NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

› Wireless Communication applies

across a wide range of network types
and size.
› Many wireless communication
technologies exist and are used to
create Wireless LAN, MANs, WANs
and PANs.
› Wireless technologies can be classified
broadly according to the network type
as:

› https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4_zSIXb7tLQ
 WIRELESS NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

› (1) PANS
– PAN technology provides communication over a short distance and is
intended for use with devices that are owned by or operated by a single
user.
– e.g: Communication between a wireless handset and cell phone.
Computer and a nearby wireless mouse or keyboard.
 PAN Technologies and Standards
› Bluetooth: (802.15.1.a) IEEE standard for short distance wireless
communication technology
› Zigbee: (802.15.4) is a wireless remote control technology (not data)
especially for industrial equipment. Remote control sends only short commands
so high data rates are not required. Applications industry and home
automation.
 Infrared technology
› Wireless technologies (not grouped under PANs) but used for short distance wireless
communication
– InfraRED: InfraRed technology used often in remote controls may also be used as a cable replacement.
– IrDA(Infrared data association produced a set of standards for infraRed communication.

› Some characteristics
– Various speeds and purposes
– Data rates between 2.4Kbps (control) and 16Mbps for data.
– Low power consumption and signals can not penetrate solid objects.
– LOS (Line of sight)

› RFID: Radio Frequency Identification

– RFID technology uses an interesting form of wireless communication to create a mechanism whereby a
small tag contains an identification information that the receiver can pull from the tag.
 (2) Wireless LAN Technology
› A variety of wireless LAN technologies exist that use various frequencies, modulation
techniques and data rates.

› IEEE provides the Wireless LAN standards which are categorized as IEEE 802.11.
 (3)Wireless MAN Technology and
WIMAX
› WIMAX is a (family of standards based on the IEEE 802.16) wireless MAN
technology standardized under the IEEE standard 802.16.
› WIMAX offers broadband communication.

› Two main versions of WIMAX are the

– Fixed WIMAX-standard 802.16-2004
› Designed to provide between service providers and a fixed location
such as a residence or a building.
– Mobile WIMAX-standard 802.16e-2005
› Mobile WIMAX system can be used with portable devices such as
laptop computers or cell phones
(4)Wireless WAN technologies

› Wireless WAN technologies can be divided into two

categories:
–Cellular Communication systems
–Satellite Communication systems

–Wireless technologies have changed our way of live and

they going to change it even more.
 Book Chapter/ References or Other
materials:
 William Stallings Wireless Communications 2nd Edition: chapter 1pp: 4-8
 Data Communications and Networking 5E “, By Behrouz A.Forouzan , Fifth
edition, 2013: chapter 1pp: 2-22
THANK YOU